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Offering a comprehensive introduction to European geography, this timely text is as authoritative as it is richly nuanced and engaging. The authors analyze the ongoing process of integration that is giving new meaning to the idea of being European, while also delineating the important subregional differences that exist among the continent's people and places. Coverage encompasses the entire region: its physical setting and environment; population and migration; work and leisure; language and religion; and political organization. Particular attention is given to the historic evolution and contemporary features of the urban environments in which the majority of Europeans live their daily lives. Combining vivid description, essential information, and cogent analysis, the text is lavishly illustrated with 200 photographs and over 45 maps.
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THE EUROPEANS
TEXTS IN REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY A Guilford Series Edited by James L. Newman, Syracuse University The Europeans: A Geography of People, Culture, and Environment Robert C. Ostergren and John G. Rice Africa South of the Sahara: A Geographical Interpretation SECOND EDITION
Robert Stock
THE EUROPEANS A Geography of People, Culture, and Environment
ROBERT C. OSTERGREN JOHN G. RICE
THE GUILFORD PRESS New York London
© 2004 The Guilford Press A Division of Guilford Publications, Inc. 72 Spring Street, New York, NY 10012 www.guilford.com All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Last digit is print number: 9
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ostergren, Robert Clifford. The Europeans: a geography of people, culture, and environment / Robert C. Ostergren, John G. Rice. p. cm. — (Texts in regional geography) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-59385-006-9 (alk. paper) — ISBN 0-89862-272-7 (pbk.: alk. paper) 1. Europe—Economic conditions. 2. Europe—Social conditions. 3. Geography— Europe. I. Rice, John G. II. Title. III. Series. HC240.O35 2004 940—dc22 2003027822
Contents
List of Figures and Tables
vii
Acknowledgments
xiii
CHAPTER 1. Introduction: Europe as a Culture Realm
1
PART I. People and Environment CHAPTER 2. European Environments CHAPTER 3. Population CHAPTER 4. Human–Environment Interaction
35 67 100
PART II. Culture and Identity CHAPTER 5. Language CHAPTER 6. Religion CHAPTER 7. The Political Landscape
135 165 199
PART III. Towns and Cities CHAPTER 8. Cities and Urban Life to World War I CHAPTER 9. Modern and Postmodern Urbanism
233 264
PART IV. Work and Leisure CHAPTER 10. Making a Living CHAPTER 11. Consumption, Leisure, and Popular Culture CHAPTER 12. Epilogue: European Futures
297 330 365
Index
373
About the Authors
386
v
List of Figures and Tables
FIGURES FIGURE 1.1. FIGURE 1.2. FIGURE 1.3. FIGURE 1.4. FIGURE 1.5. FIGURE 1.6. FIGURE 1.7. FIGURE 1.8. FIGURE 1.9. FIGURE 1.10. FIGURE 1.11. FIGURE 1.12. FIGURE 1.13. FIGURE 1.14. FIGURE 1.15. FIGURE 1.16. FIGURE 1.17. FIGURE 1.18.
The Cathedral Quarter of Strasbourg. The European Parliament in Strasbourg. The Greek and Roman worlds. Europe and the European Union. The Athenian agora. Religions in Europe, ca. 2000. St. Peter’s Basilica. Indo-European languages in Europe. Cambridge University. A regionalization of European culture. The Champs-Elysées. The London Royal Exchange. The