Polymer Processing

Tim A. Osswald Juan P. Hernández-Ortiz Polymer Processing Modeling and Simulation Hanser Publishers, Munich • Hanser Gardner Publications, Cincinnati The Authors: Prof. Dr. Tim A. Osswald, Department of Mechnical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA Dr. Juan P. Hernández-Ortiz, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA Distributed in the USA and in Canada by Hanser Gardner Publications, Inc. 6915 Valley Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45244-3029, USA Fax: (513) 527-8801 Phone: (513) 527-8977 or 1-800-950-8977 www.hansergardner.com Distributed in all other countries by Carl Hanser Verlag Postfach 86 04 20, 81631 München, Germany Fax: +49 (89) 98 48 09 www.hanser.de The use of general descriptive names, trademarks, etc., in this publication, even if the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Osswald, Tim A. Polymer processing : modeling and simulation / Tim A. Osswald, Juan P. Hernández-Oritz.-- 1st ed. p. cm. ISBN-13: 978-1-56990-398-8 (hardcover) ISBN-10: 1-56990-398-0 (hardcover) 1. Polymers--Mathematical models. 2. Polymerization--Mathematical models. I. Hernández-Oritz, Juan P. II. Title. TP1087.O87 2006 668.901‘5118--dc22 2006004981 Bibliografische Information Der Deutschen Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über abrufbar. ISBN-13: 978-3-446-40381-9 ISBN-10: 3-446-40381-7 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. © Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich 2006 Production Management: Oswald Immel Coverconcept: Marc Müller-Bremer, Rebranding, München, Germany Coverdesign: MCP • Susanne Kraus GbR, Holzkirchen, Germany Printed and bound by Druckhaus “Thomas Müntzer” GmbH, Bad Langensalza, Germany Lovingly dedicated to our maternal Grandfathers Ernst Robert Georg Victor and Luis Guillermo Ortiz; Two great men whose own careers in chemical engineering influenced the paths we have taken In gratitude to Professor R.B. Bird, the teacher and the pioneer who laid the groundwork for polymer processing − modeling and simulation PREFACE The groundwork for the fundamentals of polymer processing was laid out by Professor R. B. Bird, here at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, over 50 years ago. Almost half a century has past since the publication of Bird, Steward and Lightfoot’s transport phenomena book. Transport Phenomena (1960) was followed by several books that specifically concentrate on polymer processing, such a the books by McKelvey (1962), Middleman (1977), Tadmor and Gogos (1979), and Agassant, Avenas, Sergent and Carreau (1991). These books have influenced generations of mechanical and chemical engineering students and practicing engineers. Much has changed in the plastics industry since the publication of McKelvey’s 1962 Polymer Processing book. However, today as in 1962, the set-up and solution of processing problems is done using the fundamentals of transport phenomena. What has changed in the last 50 years, is the complexity of the problems and how they are solved. While we still use tradi