Carbon Materials And Nanotechnology

Anke Krueger Carbon Materials and Nanotechnology Anke Krueger Carbon Materials and Nanotechnology Related Titles D.M. Guldi, N. Martin (Eds.) S.C. Tjong Carbon Nanotubes and Related Structures Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Composites Synthesis, Characterization, Functionalization, and Applications Metal and Ceramic Matrices 2010 ISBN: 978-3-527-32406-4 2009 ISBN: 978-3-527-40892-4 C. Hierold (Ed.) K.E. Geckeler, H. Nishide (Eds.) Advanced Nanomaterials 2010 ISBN: 978-3-527-31794-3 Carbon Nanotube Devices Properties, Modeling, Integration and Applications 2008 ISBN: 978-3-527-31720-2 C.S.S.R. Kumar (Ed.) Nanomaterials for the Life Sciences O. Tabata, T. Tsuchiya (Eds.) 10 Volume Set Testing of Materials and Devices 2011 ISBN: 978-3-527-32261-9 2008 ISBN: 978-3-527-31494-2 Reliability of MEMS Anke Krueger Carbon Materials and Nanotechnology The Author Prof. Dr. Anke Krueger Universität Würzburg Institut für Organische Chemie Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany The Translator Dr. Stefan Brammer All books published by Wiley-VCH are carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors, editors, and publisher do not warrant the information contained in these books, including this book, to be free of errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate. Library of Congress Card No.: applied for British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de © 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim All rights reserved (including those of translation into other languages). No part of this book may be reproduced in any form – by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means – nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission from the publishers. Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law. Printed in Great Britain Printed on acid-free paper Cover Design Schulz Grafik-Design, Fußgönheim Typesetting Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited Printing and Bookbinding T.J. International Ltd., Padstow, Cornwall ISBN: 978-3-527-31803-2 V Contents Preface XIII 1 1.1 1.2 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4 1.3 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.4 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.5 1.5.1 1.5.2 1.6 1.6.1 1.6.2 1.6.3 1.7 Carbon – Element of Many Faces 1 History 1 Structure and Bonding 6 Graphite and Its Structure 7 Diamond and Its Structure 9 Structure of Other Carbon Allotropes Liquid and Gaseous Carbon 13 Occurrence and Production 13 Graphite and Related Materials 13 Diamond 17 Physical Properties 20 Graphite and Related Materials 21 Diamond 23 Chemical Properties 24 Graphite and Related Materials 26 Diamond 29 Application and Perspectives 29 Graphite and Related Materials 30 Diamond 30 Other Carbon Materials 30 Summary 31 2 2.1 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 Fullerenes – Cages Made from Carbon 33 History – The Discovery of New Carbon Allotropes 33 Theoretical Predictions 33 Experimental Proof 34 Structure and Bonding 36 Nomenclature 36 The Structure of C60 37 Structure of Higher Fullerenes and Growth Mechanisms 40 10 Carbon Materials and Nanotechnology. Anke Krueger Copyright © 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim ISBN: 978-3-527-31803-2 VI Contents 2.2.4 2.2.5 2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4 2.