Algebra: A Combined Approach, 4th Edition (martin-gay Developmental Math Series)

Fourth Edition Algebra A Combined Approach Elayn Martin-Gay University of New Orleans Prentice Hall Editorial Director, Mathematics: Christine Hoag Editor-in-Chief: Paul Murphy Sponsoring Editor: Mary Beckwith Executive Project Manager: Kari Heen Editorial Assistant: Kristin Rude Editor-in-Chief—Development: Carol Trueheart Development Editor: Lisa Collette Senior Managing Editor: Karen Wernholm Production Project Manager: Patty Bergin Manager, Cover Visual Research and Permissions: Karen Sanatar Cover/Interior Design: Tamara Newnam Senior Design Specialist: Heather Scott Design Manager: Andrea Nix Digital Assets Manager: Marianne Groth Supplements Production Project Manager: Katherine Roz Executive Manager, Course Production: Peter Silvia Media Producers: Audra Walsh and Shana Siegmund Executive Marketing Manager: Michelle Renda Marketing Manager: Adam Goldstein Marketing Assistant: Ashley Bryan Senior Author Support/Technology Specialist: Joe Vetere Senior Prepress Supervisor: Caroline Fell Senior Media Buyer: Ginny Michaud Permissions Project Supervisor: Michael Joyce Senior Manufacturing Buyer: Carol Melville Production Management, Composition, and Answer Art: Integra Text Art: Scientific Illustrators Cover Images: (corner): iStockphoto; (center): Shutterstock Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and Pearson Education was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Martin-Gay, K. Elayn, 1955– Algebra : a combined approach / Elayn Martin-Gay.—4th ed. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN-13: 978-0-321-72639-1 ISBN-10: 0-321-72639-1 1. Algebra—Textbooks. I. Title. QA152.3.M35 2011 512—dc22 2010048996 Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. For information on obtaining permission for use of material in this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Rights and Contracts Department, 501 Boylston Street, Suite 900, Boston, MA 02116, fax your request to 617-671-3447, or e-mail at http://www.pearsoned.com/legal/permissions.htm. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10—CRK—15 14 13 12 11 ISBN-10: 0-321-72639-1 (paperback) ISBN-13: 978-0-321-72639-1 (paperback) In loving memory of Richard W. Priebe, a man of many talents, who will be missed by so many. This page intentionally left blank Contents Preface R Prealgebra Review R.1 R.2 R.3 R-1 Factors and the Least Common Multiple Fractions R-8 Decimals and Percents R-19 Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter 1 xv R R R R R R-2 Group Activity: Interpreting Survey Results Vocabulary Check R-30 Highlights R-30 Review R-33 Test R-35 R-29 Real Numbers and Introduction to Algebra 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Tips for Success in Mathematics 2 Symbols and Sets of Numbers 8 Exponents, Order