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NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH Officers: Paul W. McCracken, Chairman John H. Biggs, Vice Chairman Martin Feldstein, President and Chief Executive Officer Geoffrey Carliner, Executive Director Gerald A. Polansky, Treasurer Sam Parker, Director of Finance and Administration
Directors at Large: Peter C. Aldrich Elizabeth E. Bailey John H. Biggs Andrew Brimmer Carl F. Christ Don R. Conlan Kathleen B. Cooper Jean A. Crockett
George C. Eads Martin Feldstein George Hatsopoulos Karen N. Horn Lawrence R. Klein Leo Melamed Merton Miller Michael H. Moskow
Robert T. Parry Peter G. Peterson Richard N. Rosett Bert Seidman Kathleen P. Utgoff Donald S. Wasserman Marina v. N. Whitman
John 0. Wilson
Directors by University Appointment: Jagdish Bhagwati, Columbia William C. Brainard, Yale Glen G. Cain, Wisconsin Franklin Fisher, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Saul H. Hymans, Michigan Marjorie B. McElroy, Duke Joel Mokyr, Northwestern
James L. Pierce, California, Berkeley
Andrew Postlewaite, Pennsylvania Nathan Rosenberg, Stanford Harold T. Shapiro, Princeton Craig Swan, Minnesota Michael Yoshino, Harvard Arnold Zeilner, Chicago
Directors by Appointment of Other Organizations: Marcel Boyer, Canadian Economics
Charles Lave, American Economic
Association
Association
Mark Drabenstott, American
Rudolph A. Oswald, American
Agricultural Economics Association
Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations
Richard A. Easterlin, Economic History Association Gail D. Fosler, The Conference Board
Gerald A. Polansky, American
Statistical Association
Institute of Certified Public Accountants James F. Smith, National Association of Business Economists
Robert S. Hamada, American Finance
Josh S. Weston, Committee for
Association
Economic Development
A. Ronald Gallant, American
Directors Emeriti: Moses Abramovitz Emilio G. Collado George T. Conklin, Jr. Thomas D. Flynn
Gottfried Haberler Franklin A. Linsay Paul W. McCracken Geoffrey H. Moore
James J. O'Leary George B. Roberts Eli Shapiro William S Vickrey
Since this volume is a record of conference proceedings, it has been exempted from the rules governing critical review of manuscripts by the Board of Directors of the National Bureau (resolution adopted 8 June 1948, as revised 21 November 1949 and 20 April 1968).
CONTENTS Introduction James M. Poterba vii
Acknowledgments xi THE EARNED INCOME TAX CREDIT AND TRANSFER PROGRAMS: A STUDY OF LABOR MARKET AND PROGRAM PARTICIPATION 1 Stacy Dickert, Scott Houser, and John Karl Scholz
CIGARETTE TAXATION AND THE SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES