Tunnelling and Tunnel Mechanics
Dimitrios Kolymbas
Tunnelling and Tunnel Mechanics A Rational Approach to Tunnelling
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Dimitrios Kolymbas Universität Innsbruck Fakultät für Bauingenieurwissenschaften Institut für Infrastruktur Arbeitsbereich für Geotechnik und Tunnelbau Techniker Str. 13 A 6020 Innsbruck Austria
[email protected]
2nd corrected printing
ISBN 978-3-540-25196-5
e-ISBN 978-3-540-28500-7
DOI 10.1007/978-3-540-28500-7 Library of Congress Controll Number: 2005926885 c 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Coverdesign: WMX Design GmbH, Heidelberg Printed on acid-free paper 987654321 springer.com
Dedicated to Ingrid
Preface
Tunnelling is an exciting and rapidly evolving technology. Pioneering processes are commonplace and innovative thinking continues to rewrite the rules. In civil engineering, tunnelling is one of the few areas where new horizons are constantly being discovered. But for the profession to reach its full potential, tunnelling needs to be more accessible to those talented engineers in search of new challenges and keen to make lasting contributions to society. In the eyes of too many, tunnelling is still seen as the exclusive domain of too few: a mysterious art form, accessible only to those who have already spent countless years perfecting their approach, a skill whose secrets remain suppressed. Over the following pages I hope to show that tunnelling need not be a closed book. I have omitted methods and definitions that depended more on historical precedent than modern scientific evaluation. Instead of confusing the reader with countless details and definitions that are in any case open to change, I have focused on the underlying concepts that make tunnelling easier to grasp. So while this book is designed to provide a concise, up-to-date and useful frame of reference to all those newly qualified and engaged in the field, I hope that it will also serve to reveal to those talented engineers who thought they had found their niche above ground the very real opportunities and unanswered questions that await them underground. As rock mechanics is less developed and less known than soil mechanics, the principles of this young discipline are included in this book. I also attempted to integrate theoretical and practical viewpoints, since I consider both of them