Fundamentals Of Piezoelectric Sensorics: Mechanical, Dielectric, And Thermodynamical Properties Of Piezoelectric Materials

Fundamentals of Piezoelectric Sensorics Jan Tichý · Jiˇrí Erhart · Erwin Kittinger · Jana Pˇrívratská Fundamentals of Piezoelectric Sensorics Mechanical, Dielectric, and Thermodynamical Properties of Piezoelectric Materials 123 Prof. Jan Tichý Technical University of Liberec – retired Dr. Jiˇrí Erhart Technical University of Liberec Dept. Physics Studentská 2 461 17 Liberec 1 Czech Republic [email protected] Prof. Dr. Erwin Kittinger Univ. Innsbruck Fak. Bauingenieurwissenschaften LS Bauphysik – retired Technikerstr. 13 6020 Innsbruck Austria [email protected] Prof. Jana Pˇrívratská Technical University of Liberec Dept. Mathematics and Didactics of Mathematics Studentská 2 461 17 Liberec 1 Czech Republic [email protected] ISBN 978-3-540-43966-0 e-ISBN 978-3-540-68427-5 DOI 10.1007/978-3-540-68427-5 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2010929766 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: WMXDesign GmbH, Heidelberg Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface Piezoelectricity – a direct conversion of mechanical stress to the electrical charge and vice versa – has been discovered about 130 years ago. Since that time it attracted a lot of interest from the application point of view as well as from the fundamental research as you can see in the comprehensive, although not exhaustive, list of books published during the last three decades. Piezoelectric substances are commercially produced in single-crystal form as well as in ceramics and they belong to the second biggest application of dielectric materials, just after semiconductors. Piezoelectric phenomena and their precise description require interdisciplinary theoretical knowledge of crystallography, tensor analysis, continuum mechanics, thermodynamics, non-linear phenomena as well as experimental experience with the electrical and mechanical measurements and necessary equipment. Piezoelectricity and piezoelectric materials study is a lifelong job for a researcher,