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A FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR OF GOONIYANDI
WILLIAM McGREGOR Bond University, Queensland
JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY AMSTERDAM/PHILADELPHIA 1990
CONTENTS Preface Abbreviations and conventions
v XVll
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 1.2
Language type Territory and surrounding languages 1.3 Geographical variation 1.4 Gooniyandi culture and society 1.4.1 Traditional way of life 1.4.2 Social organisation 1.5 Speech styles 1.6 Contact history 1.7 Present language situation 1.8 Education and orthography 1.9 Other work on Gooniyandi 1.10 Data used in this investigation 2 PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY 2.1 Phonemes and their realisations 2.1.1 Phoneme inventory 2.1.2 Phoneme contrasts 2.1.3 Phoneme variation within monomorphemic words 2.1.4 Feature description 2.1.5 Realisation of consonant phonemes 2.1.5.1 Stops and nasals 2.1.5.2 Laterals 2.1.5.3 Tap 2.1.5.4 Glides 2.1.5.5 Acoustic characteristics 2.1.6 Realisation of the vowel phonemes 2.1.6.1 Iii
1
4 7
8 8 12 16 20 24 25 28 30 37 37 38 40 41 49 49 52 53 53 54 58 59
X
CONI'ENTS
2.1.6.2 /oo/ 2.1.6.3 Ia/ 2.1.6.4 182/ 2.2 Phonotactics 2.2.1 Roots 2.2.2 Morphemes 2.2.3 Intermorphemic phoneme sequences 2.2.4 Reduplications 2.2.5 Statistics 2.2.6 Markedness and phonotactics 2.3 Syllabic structure of words and morphemes 2.3.1 Simple roots 2.3.2 Non-root morphemes 2.3.3 Polymorphemic words 2.4 Sandhi 2.4.1 Non-verbal sandhi 2.4.1.1 Stem internal sandhi 2.4.1.2 Stem external sandhi 2.4 .1.2.1 Consonant assimilation 2.4.1.2.2 Consonant dissimilation 2.4.1.2.3 Vowel assimilation 2.4.1.2.4 Vowel epenthesis 2.4.2 Verbal sandhi 2.4.2.1 Stem internal sandhi 2.4.2.2 CC internal sandhi 2.4.2.2.1 Consonant alternations 2.4.2.2.1.1 Assimilation 2.4.2.2.1.2 Fusion and syncope 2.4.2.2.1.3 Prenasalisation 2.4.2.2.2 Syllable fusion 2.4.2.2.3 Vowel alternations 2.4.2.2.3.1 {atl 2.4.2.2.3.2 Vowel syncope 2.4.2.2.3.3 Vowel harmony 2.4.2.3 External sandhi 2.4.2.3.1 Consonant assimilations 2.4.2.3.2 Vowel assimilations 2.4.2.3.3 Syllable insertion
65 66 69 70 70 77 77 81 83 89 90 90 92 93 94 95 95 96 96 98 99 99 99 100 101 101 101 102 103 104 105 105 106 107 107 108 111 112
xi
CONfENfS
2.4.2.4 2.5
Rule ordering
Stress 2.5.1 Stress in simple roots 2.5.2 Complex roots 2.5.3 Polymorphemic words
113 119 120 123 124
3 THEWORD 129 3.1 Preliminary remarks 129 3.1.1 Grammatical outline 133 3.1.2 Types of word 135 3.2 Parts-of-speech 141 3.3 Nominals 143 3.3.1 Determiners 143 3.3.1.1 Definite determiners 146 3.3.1.2 Indefinite determiners 148 3.3.1.3 What-cha-ma-call-it 149 3.3.2 Kin-terms 149 3.3.3 Subsection terms 149 3.3.4 Number words 150 3.3.5 Proper nouns 151 3.4 Adverbials 154 3.4.1 Adverbs 155 3.4.2 Temporal adverbials 156 3.4.3 Spatial adverbials 164 3.4.4 Frequency adverbials 165 3.4.5 Concluding remarks 165 3.5 Particles 167 3.6 Pronominals 3.7 Postpositions 173 173 3.7.1 Preliminary remarks 177 3.7.2 Functions of the postpositions 3. 7.2.1 -ngga ERGative 177 3.7.2.2 -yoo- -woo DATive 179 181 3.7.2.3 -ya LOCative 182 3.7.2.4 -nhingi ABLative 1 182 3.7.2.5 -yangga ABLativ~ 184 3.7.2.6 -yidda ALLative 1 3.7.2.7 -yayi ALLative2, -yayoo ALLative3 and -yawoo ALLative4 184
CONTENTS
xii
3.8 3.9
3.10 3.11 3.12
3.13
3.7.2.8 -binyi PERlative 3.7.2.9 -ngaddi COMITative 3.7.2.10 -winyja DEPrivative 3.7.2.11 -yooddoo - -yiddi DUal and -yarndi PLural Enclitics The verb phrase 3.9.1 Verbals 3.9.2 The non-finite verb 3.9.3 The finite verb phrase 3.9.3.1 Process 3.9.3.2 The classifier complex 3.9.3.2.1 The classifier 3.9.3.2.2 The pronominal configuration 3.9.3.2.3 Irregularities in +BINI 3.9.3.2.4 Tense 3.9.3.3 Aspect 3.9.3.4 Mood 3.9.3.5 Mode 3.9.3.6 Oblique bound pronominals 3.9.3.7 Number enclitics 3.9.3.8 Summary: an interpretation