Using And Understanding Medical Statistics

Using and Understanding Medical Statistics David E. Matthews ⴢ Vernon T. Farewell U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U Using and Understanding Medical Statistics 4th, completely revised and enlarged edition 42 figures and 113 tables, 2007 Basel ⴢ Freiburg ⴢ Paris ⴢ London ⴢ New York ⴢ Bangalore ⴢ Bangkok ⴢ Singapore ⴢ Tokyo ⴢ Sydney U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U David Edward Matthews BA, MA (Western Ontario), PhD (London); Professor, Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Vernon Todd Farewell B. Math, M. Math (Waterloo), PhD (London); Senior Scientist MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge, UK Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Matthews, David E., 1948Using and understanding medical statistics / David E. Matthews Vernon T. Farewell. – 4th, completely rev. and enl. ed. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978–3–8055–8189–9 (hard cover : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 3–8055–8189–0 (hard cover : alk. paper) 1. Medical statistics. I. Farewell, Vernon T. II. Title. [DNLM: 1. Biometry–methods. 2. Statistics. WA 950 M438u 2007] RA409.M39 2007 610.1’5195–dc22 2006100514 Bibliographic Indices. This publication is listed in bibliograpahic services, including Current Contents쏐 and Index Medicus. Disclaimer. The statements, options and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements in the book is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements. Drug Dosage. The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. © Copyright 2007 by S. Karger AG, P.O. Box, CH–4009 Basel (Switzerland) www.karger.com Printed in Switzerland on acid-free paper by Reinhardt Druck, Basel ISBN-13: 978–3–8055–8189–9 (hard cover : alk. paper), ISBN-10: 3–8055–8189–0 (hard cover : alk. paper) To Nancy and Jane U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U Contents Preface to the Fourth Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI Preface to the Third Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV Preface to the Second