Lexical Functional Grammar

EDITORIAL BOARD Series Editors BRIAN D. JOSEPH AND CARL POLLARD Department of Linguistics The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio Editorial Advisory Board JUDITH AISSEN University of California, Santa Cruz PAULINE JACOBSON Brown University PETER CULICOVER The Ohio State University MANFRED KRIFKA University of Texas ELISABET ENGDAHL University of Gothenburg WILLIAM A. LADUSAW University of California, Santa Cruz JANET FODOR City University of New York BARBARAH. PARTEE University of Massachusetts ERHARD HINRICHS University of Ttibingen PAUL M. POSTAL Scarsdale, New York A list of titles in this series appears at the end of this book. PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This book is a tribute to the extraordinary accomplishments of Joan Bresnan and Ron Kaplan, my teachers, mentors, and friends. What is presented here is the theory they created together; it is lucky for all of us that they happened to end up in Pisa together back in 1977! My first exposure to LFG was in a class taught by K.E Mohanan at the University of Texas in 1981. Mohanan's teaching skills are legendary, and I'm grateful for having had such a good introduction to the theory. My debt to colleagues and friends in writing this book is enormous. Tracy Holloway King assisted in every aspect of preparation of this book, from reading early and virtually unreadable drafts to providing sage advice and counsel on all aspects of the linguistic analyses presented here. I am also very grateful to the many linguists who provided helpful comments and criticism of early and late drafts of the book: Farrell Ackerman, David Ahn, Ash Asudeh, Martin van den Berg, Sascha Brawer, Joan Bresnan, Miriam Butt, Cleo Condoravdi, Dick Crouch, Cris Culy, Yehuda Falk, Brent Fitzgerald, Ken Forbus, Anette Frank, John Fry, Ron Kaplan, Shin-Sook Kim, Jonas Kuhn, John Lamping, Hiroshi Masuichi, Umarani Pappuswamy, Jonathan Reichenthal, Louisa Sadler, Ida Toivonen, Vijay Saraswat, and Annie Zaenen. Particular thanks go to colleagues who gave especially detailed and helpful comments, often on very short notice: worthy of special mention are Farrell Ackerman, Ash Asudeh, Martin van den Berg, Cleo Condoravdi, Chris Culy, Brent Fitzgerald, Yehuda Falk, Anette Frank, Ron Kaplan, Tracy Holloway King, Louisa Sadler, and Annie Zaenen. My sister Matty Dalrymple provided expert editing assistance, for which I am always grateful, and Jeanette Figueroa provided invaluable technical support. I have also benefited from expert comments on particular chapters of the book; the range of topics covered in this book far exceeds anything I could have atix X Preface and Acknowledgments tempted unaided. Ron Kaplan provided assistance with Chapter 2 (Functional Structure), Chapter 5 (Describing Syntactic Structures), and Chapter 6 (Syntactic Relations and Syntactic Constraints); Tracy Holloway King assisted with Chapter 3 (Constituent Structure); Farrell Ackerman and Miriam Butt assisted with Chapter 8 (Argument Structure and Mapping Theory); Ash Asudeh, Martin van den Berg, Dick Crouch, and Tracy Holloway King assisted with Chapter 9 (Meaning and Semantic Composition); Cleo Condoravdi assisted with Chapter 10 (Modification); Martin van den Berg, Dick Crouch, John Lamping, Louisa Sadler, and Annie Zaenen assisted with Chapter 11 (Anaphora); Ash Asudeh, Cleo Condoravdi, Dick Crouch, and Tracy Holloway King assisted with Chapter 12 (Functional and Anaphoric Control); Chris Culy assisted with Chapter 13 (Coordination); and Ash Asudeh, Martin van den Berg, Cleo Condoravdi, Dick Crouch, Stanley Peters, Tracy Holloway King, and Annie Zaenen assisted with Chapter 14 (Long-Distance Dependencies). Besides help with particular chapters, I owe an enormous intellectual debt to colleagues whose clear thinking and un