A D V A N C E S IN I M A G I f ~ G A N D E L E C T R O N PHYSICS V O L U M E 113 A D V A N C E S IN I M A G I f ~ G A N D E L E C T R O N PHYSICS V O L U M E 113 EDITOR-IN-CHIEF PETER W. H A W K E S CEMES/Laboratoire d' Optique Electronique du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Toulouse, France ASSOCIATE E D I T O R S BENJAMIN KAZAN Xerox Corporation Palo Alto Research Center Palo Alto, California TOM MULVEY Department of Electronic Engineering and Applied Physics Aston University Birmingham, United Kingdom Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics EDITED BY P E T E R W. HAWKES CEMES/Laboratoire d"Optique Electronique du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Toulouse, France V O L U M E 113 ACADEMIC PRESS A Harcourt Scienceand Technology Company San Diego San Francisco New York London Sydney Tokyo Boston This book is printed on acid-free paper. @ Copyright 9 2000 by Academic Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. The appearance of the code at the bottom of the first page of a chapter in this book indicates the Publisher's consent that copies of the chapter may be made for personal or internal use of specific clients. This consent is given on the condition, however, that the copier pay the stated per-copy fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, Massachusetts 01923), for copying beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law. This consent does not extend to other kinds of copying, such as copying for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating new collective works, or for resale. Copy fees for pre-2000 chapters are as shown on the title pages: if no fee code appears on the title page, the copy fee is the same as for current chapters. 1076-5670/00 $35.00 Explicit permission from Academic Press is not required to reproduce a maximum of two figures or tables from an Academic Press article in another scientific or research publication provided that the material has not been credited to another source and that full credit to the Academic Press article is given. A C A D E M I C PRESS A Harcourt Science and Technology Company 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA http://www.academicpress.com Academic Press Harcourt Place, 52 Jamestown Road, London, NW1 7BY, UK http://www.hbuk.co.uk/ap/ International Standard Serial Number: 1076-5670 International Standard Book Number: 0-12-014755-6 Printed in the United States of America 00 01 02 03 EB 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTENTS CONTRIBUTORS PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . FORTHCOMING CONTRIBUTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii ix xi . . . . . The Finite Volume, Finite Element, and Finite Difference Methods as Numerical Methods for Physical Field Problems CLAUDIO MATTIUSSI I. II. III. IV. V. Introduction . Foundations . Representations Methods . Conclusions . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5 45 86 140 142 The Prin