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Microwave Radio Transmission Design Guide Second Edition
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Microwave Radio Transmission Design Guide Second Edition
Trevor Manning
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the U.S. Library of Congress. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN-13: 978-1-59693-456-6
Cover design by Igor Valdman 2009 ARTECH HOUSE 685 Canton Street Norwood, MA 02062 All rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States of America. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Artech House cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents Foreword
xiii
Preface
xv
1
Introduction
1
1.1
History of Wireless Telecommunications
2
1.2 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4 1.2.5
What Is Microwave Radio? Microwave Fundamentals RF Spectrum Safety of Microwaves Allocation of Spectrum Electromagnetic Wave Fundamentals
3 3 4 5 6 7
1.3 1.3.1 1.3.2
Why Radio? Benefits and Advantages of Microwave Transmission Alternatives
10 10 11
1.4 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3 1.4.4 1.4.5
Microwave Applications Fixed-Link Operator Utility Private Network TV Distribution Network Mobile Backhaul Network Ethernet Enterprise Application
12 13 13 15 16 18
v
vi
Microwave Radio Transmission Design Guide
1.5
Planning Process Reference
19 20
2
Link Planning
21
2.1
Establish the Planning Brief
21
2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.2.5
Initial Planning Site Location Network Diagram Initial Mapwork Existing Infrastructure and Repeater Sites Route Map
23 23 24 25 26 27
2.3
Path Profiles
27
2.4 2.4.1 2.4.2
Radio Repeaters Passive Repeaters Active Repeaters
31 32 38
2.5 2.5.1 2.5.2
Radio Surveys Path Survey Site Surveys
41 41 42
2.6
Frequency Considerations References
44 45
3
Reliability Standards
47
3.1
Introduction
47
3.2
What Do I Aim For?
48
3.3
Hypothetical Reference Path
48
3.4 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.4.3 3.4.4
Unavailability Standards Causes of Unavailability Unavailability Objectives Apportionment of Objectives Practical Advice
50 51 54 55 56
3.5 3.5.1 3.5.2
Performance Standards Causes of Outage Performance Objectives
56 57 57
Contents
vii
3.6
Real-World Conclusions References
65 66
4
Transport Technologies
69
4.1
Introduction
69
4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2
The Backhaul Transmission System The Backhaul Network OSI ISO Model
70 70 71
4.3 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4
Transport Technology Options Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) Synchronous Networks (SDH/SONET) ATM Ethernet
72 72 74 82 84
4.4 4.4.1 4.4.2 4.4.3 4.4.4
Network Synchronization PDH Synchronization SDH Synchronization ATM Synchroniza