ADVANCES IN IMAGING AND ELECTRON PHYSICS VOLUME 91 EDITOR-IN-CHIEF PETER W. HAWISES CEMESILaboratoire d’Optique Electronique du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifrque Toulouse, France ASSOCIATE EDITORS BENJAMIN KAZAN Xerox Corporation Palo Alto Research Center Palo Alto, California TOM MULVEY Department of Electronic Engineering and Applied Physics Aston University Birmingham, United Kingdom Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics EDITEDBY PETER W. HAWKES CEMESILahoratoire d' Optique Electronique du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Toulouse, France VOLUME 91 ACADEMIC PRESS San Diego New York Boston London Sydney Tokyo Toronto This book is printed on acid-free paper. @ Copyright 0 1995 by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Academic Press, lnc. A Division of Harcourt Brace & Company 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495 United Kingdom Edition published by Academic Press Limited 24-28 Oval Road, London NW 1 7DX International Standard Serial Number: 1076-5670 International Standard Book Number: 0- 12-014733-5 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 95 96 9 7 9 8 99 0 0 B B 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I CONTENTS CONTRIBUTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. 11. 111. IV. V. I. 11. 111. IV. V. ix xi Canonical Aberration Theory in Electron Optics Up to Ultrahigh-Order Approximation JIVE XIMEN Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Harniltonian Function and Its Power-Series Expansion . . . The Eikonal Function and Its Power-Series Expansion . . . . Intrinsic and Combined Aberrations Up to the Ninth-Order Approximation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 33 35 New Developments on Generalized Information Measures INDER JEET TANEJA Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unified (r,s)-Information Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . M-Dimensional Unified (r,s)-Divergence Measures . . . . . . Unified (r,s)-Multivariate Entropies . . . . . . . . . . . . Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 41 75 95 110 132 V 1 4 13 vi CONTENTS 50 Years of Electronics Introduction R. A. LAWES The Exploitation of Semiconductors B. L. H. WILSON 1. Prehistory . . . . . , . . . . . . . 11. The Conceptual Network . . . . . . 111. Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . IV. The Transistor . . . . . . . . . . . V. Integrated Circuits , , . . . . . . . VI. The Field Effect Transistor . . . . . . V11. The Information Technology Revolution VIII. U.K. Progress in ICs from 1963 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 i42 143 143 146 149 150 I so The Use and Abuse of 111-V Compounds CYRILHILSUM 1. 11. 111. IV. V. I. 11. 111. IV. V. VI. VII. Telecommunications: The Last, and the Next, 50 Years JOHN BRAY Today’s World of Telecommunications . . . . . . . , . . . Telecommunications 50 Years Ago . . . . . . . . . . . . Key Developments in the