Advances in MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY This Page Intentionally Left Blank Advances in MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY Edited by A. H. ROSE School of Biological Sciences Bath University, U K Volume 33 ACADEMIC PRESS Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers London San Diego New York Boston Sydney Tokyo Toronto ACADEMIC PRESS LIMITED 24-28 Oval Road London NWl 7DX US Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS INC. San Diego CA92101 Copyright 0 1992 by ACADEMIC PRESS LIMITED This book is printed on acid-free paper AN Rights Reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by photostat, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publishers British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Advances in microbial physiology. Vol. 33 1. Micro-organisms-Physiology 1. Rose, A. H. 576’.11 OR84 ISBN & I 2 4 2 7 7 3 3 4 ISSN 0065-291 1 Typeset by J&L Composition Ltd, Filey, North Yorkshire Printed in Great Britain at the University Press, Cambridge Contributors L. Adler Department of General and Marine Microbiology, University of Goteborg, Carl Skottsbergs Gata 22, 413 19 Goteborg, Sweden V. A. Bankaitis Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA A. Blomberg Department of General and Marine Microbiology, University of Goteborg, Carl Skottsbergs Gata 22, 413 19 Goteborg, Sweden A. E. Cleves Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA M. D. Manson Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3258, USA P. Messner Zentrum fur Ultrastrukturforschung und Ludwig BoltzmannInstitut fur Ultrastrukturforschung, Universitat fur Bodenkultur, A-1180 Wien, Austria U. B. Sleytr Zentrum fur Ultrastrukturforschung und Ludwig BoltzmannInstitut fur Ultrastrukturforschung, Universitat fur Bodenkultur, A-1180 Wien, Austria M. Stratford AFRC, Institute of Food Research, Colney Lane, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UA, UK This Page Intentionally Left Blank Contents Contributors V Yeast Flocculation: A New Perspective MALCOLM STRATFORD 1. Introduction 11. 111. IV. V. VI . VII . VIII . IX . X. Industrial flocculation: the art of brewing Measurement of flocculation Basic physiology of flocculation Physics of cell-cell interactions Mechanism of flocculation Onset of flocculation Genetics of flocculation Concluding remarks Acknowledgements References 2 4 9 13 23 43 53 60 62 63 63 Secretory Pathway Function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae ANN E . CLEVES and VYTAS A. BANKAITIS I. Introduction 11. The yeast secretory pathway 111. Protein transport from the cytoplasm into the endoplasmic reticulum IV . Protein trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi complex V. The Golgi complex as a secretory organelle VI . Fusion of Golgi complex-derived vesicles with the plasma membrane VII . Summary VIII. Acknowledgements References 73 75 77 88 111 132 139 140 140 Physiology of Osmotolerance in Fungi ANDERS BLOMBERG and LENNART ADLER I. Introduction 11. The thermodynamic state of water 111. Osmotolerance IV. Initial osmotic response V. Osmoregulation VI . Osmotic hypersensitivity VII. Cellular factors involved in determining Yminvalues VIII. Conclusion IX. Acknowledgements References 146 148 155 161 167 190 197 204 206 206 Crystalline Bacterial Cell-Surface Layers PAUL MESSNER and U W E B. SLEYTR I. Introduction 11. Structu