ADVANCES IN Applied Microbiology VOLUME 12 CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS VOLUME M, C. Allwood MiloB Kulhanek P. Margalith T. L. Miller D. Perlman G. P. Peruzzotti A. D. Russell Y. Schwartz Anthony J. Sinskey R. Steel A. Taylor Thomas Kennedy Walker Daniel I. C.Wang ADVANCES IN Applied Micro biol ogy Edited by D. Perlman School of P h a r m a c y The University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin VOLUME 12 @ 1970 ACADEMIC PRESS, N e w York a n d London COPYRIGHT 8 1970, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED N O P A R T O F T H I S BOOK MAY B E REPRODUCED I N ANY FORM, BY PHOTOSTAT, MICROFILM, RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, OR ANY OTHER MEANS, W I T H O U T WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM T H E PUBLISHERS. ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. 1 1 1 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD. Berkeley Square House, London W l X 6BA LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER:59-13823 PRINTED IN T H E U N I T E D STATES OF AMERICA LIST OF C O N T R I B U T O R S Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin. M. C. ALLWOOD,' Department of Pharmaceutics, Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology, Cardif, Great Britain (89) MILOS KULHANEK,Research Institute for Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Prague, Czechoslovakia (11) P. MARGALITH,Department of Food and Biotechnology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel (35) T. L. MLLLER,The Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Michigan (153) D. PERLMAN,School of Pharmacy, The University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin (277) G. P. PERUZZOTTI,School of Pharmacy, The University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin (277) A. D. RUSSELL,Department of Pharmaceutics, Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology, Cardiff, Great Britain (89) Y. SCHWARTZ,Department of Food and Biotechnology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel (35) ANTHONY J. SINSKEY,Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (121) R. STEEL,The Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Michigan (153) A. TAYLOR, Atlantic Regional Laboratory, National Research Council of Canada, Halifax, Nova Scotia (189) THOMASKENNEDY WALKER,Emeritus Professor of The University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, Manchester, England (1) DANIELI. C. WANG, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (121) 'Present address: Department of Pharmacy, The University, Nottingham, Great Britain. V This Page Intentionally Left Blank PREFACE The breadth of topics discussed in this volume is as broad as microbiology itself- manufacture of ascorbic acid using microbial transformations; flavoring materials produced in fermented foods; bioengineering techniques useful in large-scale production and recovery of microbial cells and metabolites; toxic metabolites (including antibiotics) from microbial species; and microbial metabolites as pharmacologically active agents are all frontiers of microbiology currently receiving attention. Some of them are “new,” others are as old as the discipline itself but are being approached from new angles. In keeping with the practice started in Volume 11,we have included a historical essay, and were fortunate to have Professor T. K. Walker’s summary of the philosophy and achievements of the M