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N O TA B L E S C I E N T I S T S
A
TO
Z
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MARINE SCIENTISTS BARBARA CHARTON
A TO Z OF MARINE SCIENTISTS Notable Scientists Copyright © 2003 by Barbara Charton All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Facts On File, Inc. 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Charton, Barbara A to Z of marine scientists / Barbara Charton. p. cm.—(Notable scientists) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8160-4767-7 (hardcover: acid-free paper) 1. Marine scientists—Biography—Dictionaries. I. Title. II. Series. GC9.C48 2003 551.46’0092’2—dc21 [B]2002152445 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755. You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com Text design by Joan M. Toro Cover design by Cathy Rincon Chronology by Dale Williams Printed in the United States of America VB FOF 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on acid-free paper.
CONTENTS List of Entries Acknowledgments Introduction
v vii ix
Entries A to Z
1
Entries by Field Entries by Country of Birth Entries by Country of Major Scientific Activity Entries by Year of Birth Chronology Bibliography Index
193 197 199 201 203 207 211
LIST Agassiz, Alexander Emmanuel Rodolphe Agassiz, Louis Albert I Andrusov, Nikolai Ivanovich Anning, Mary Aristotle Audouin, Jean-Victor Bache, Alexander Dallas Bailey, Sir Edward Battersby Ballard, Robert Duane Bass, George Bede Beebe, Charles William Bellingsgauzen, Faddei Faddeevich Bernoulli, Daniel Bjerknes, Jakob Aall Bonnevie Bjerknes, Vilhelm Frimann Køren Bory de St. Vincent, JeanBaptiste-GenevièveMarcellin Bougainville, Louis-Antoine, comte de Bowditch, Nathaniel Bowie, William Brookes, William Keith Buffon, Georges-Louis LeClerc, comte de Bush, Katherine
OF
Cardano, Girolamo Carpenter, William Benjamin Carson, Rachel Louise Chappe d’Auteroche, JeanBaptiste Charcot, Jean-Baptiste Cleve, Per Teodor Conklin, Edwin Grant Cook, James Cousteau, Jacques Cushman, Joseph Cuvier, Georges, Baron Dana, James Dwight Darwin, Charles Robert Delage, Yves Derugin, Konstantin Mikhailovich Desor, Pierre Dietz, Robert Sinclair Dittmer, William Dujardin, Félix Dumont d’Urville, JulesSébastien-César Duperrey, Louis-Isidore Earle, Sylvia Alice Ehrenberg, Christian Gottfried Ekman, Vagn Walfrid Ewing, William Maurice Feely, Richard Alan Ferrel, William v
ENTRIES Forbes, Edward Forchhammer, Johann Georg Forster, (Johann) Georg Adam Forster, Johann Reinhold Franklin, Benjamin Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Étienne Godwin-Austen, Robert Alfred Cloyne Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von Goodrich, Edwin Stephen Haeckel, Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haldane, John Scott Halley, Edmond Heezen, Bruce Charles Helland-Hansen, Bjørn Hensen, Viktor Hess, Harry Hammond Holmes, Arthur Humboldt, Baron von Friedrich Wilhelm Karl Heinrich Alexander Hunt, Maurice Neville Jeffreys, John Gwyn Johnson, Douglas Wilson Knipovitch, Nikolai Mikhailovitch Kofoid, Charles Atwood Kuenen, Philip Henry Kylin, Johann Harald
vi
A to Z of Marine Scientists
Lacépède, Bernard-GermainÉtienne de la Villesur-Illion, comte de Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste-PierreAntoine de Monet, chevalier de Lang, Arnold Lankester, Sir Edwin Ray Lenz, Heinrich Friedrich Emil Lesueur, Charles-Alexandre Leuckart, Karl Georg Friedrich Rudolf Loeb, Jacques Lovén, Sven Ludwig Lye