God And Morality: A Philosophical History (first Books In Philosophy)

John E. Hare God and Morality A Philosophical History HGMPR.qxd 9/29/06 2:14 PM Page i God and Morality HGMPR.qxd 9/29/06 2:14 PM Page ii HGMPR.qxd 9/29/06 2:14 PM Page iii God and Morality: A Philosophical History John E. Hare HGMPR.qxd 9/29/06 2:14 PM Page iv © 2007 by John E. Hare BLACKWELL PUBLISHING 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148–5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK 550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia The right of John E. Hare to be identified as the Author of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. First published 2007 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd 1 2007 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hare, J. E., 1949– God and morality : a philosophical history / John E. Hare. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-631-23607-8 (hardcover : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-631-23607-4 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Ethics—History. 2. Religious ethics—History. I. Title. BJ71.H37 2006 170.9—dc22 2006022477 A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library. Set in 11 on 13 pt in Photina by SNP Best-set Typesetter Ltd, Hong Kong Printed and bound in Singapore by COS Print Media Pte Ltd The publisher’s policy is to use permanent paper from mills that operate a sustainable forestry policy, and which has been manufactured from pulp processed using acid-free and elementary chlorine-free practices. Furthermore, the publisher ensures that the text paper and cover board used have met acceptable environmental accreditation standards. For further information on Blackwell Publishing, visit our website: www.blackwellpublishing.com HGMPR.qxd 9/29/06 2:14 PM Page v CONTENTS Introduction 1 1 Aristotle The School of Athens The Protrepticus God and Nous in Nicomachean Ethics Book I The First Sentence of the Nicomachean Ethics Heading towards the Good Virtue Larry Arnhart 7 7 12 20 34 43 51 65 2 Duns Scotus The Disputà Duns Scotus, Lectura The Two Affections of the Will Justice and God Scotus and Virtue Scotus and Particularity Jean-Paul Sartre 75 75 87 91 97 105 111 115 3 Immanuel Kant The Time Between Kant, Lectures on Ethics (Collins) The Groundwork The Critique of Practical Reason 122 122 135 145 156 HGMPR.qxd 9/29/06 2:14 PM Page vi vi contents Religion Metaphysics of Morals Christine Korsgaard 162 171 176 R. M. Hare The Time Between “An Essay on Monism” The Language of Morals Freedom and Reason Moral Thinking Peter Singer 184 184 199 207 219 228 243 5 Combining the Theories The Goal of the Chapter Virtue Theory Command Theory Consequentialism 249 249 251 260 273 4 Bibliography Index 290 301 HGMIN.qxd 9/29/06 2:27 PM Page 1 INTRODUCTION The purpose of this book is to look at the role theology, or thinking about God, has played in ethical theory within Western philosophy. I