Advances in MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY This Page Intentionally Left Blank Advances in MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY Edited by A. H. ROSE School of Biological Sciences Bath University, UK and D. W. TEMPEST Department of Microbiology University of Shefield, UK Volume 27 1986 ACADEMIC PRESS Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers London Orlando San Diego New York Austin Montreal Tokyo Sydney Toronto ACADEMIC PRESS INC. (LONDON) LTD. 24-28 Oval Road London NWl 7DX US.Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS INC. Orlando, Florida 32887 Copyright 0 1986 by ACADEMIC PRESS INC. (LONDON) LTD. All Rights Reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by photostat, microfilm,or any other means, without written permission from the publishers British Librory Cataloguing in Publication Data ISBN 0-12-027727-1 ISSN 0065-291 1 Printed in Great Britain at the Alden Press, Oxford Contributors C. Anthony Department of Biochemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO9 3TU, UK A.W. Bunch Biological Laboratory, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent.CT2 7NJ, UK E.F. Gale Sub-department of Chemical Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 lQW, UK D. Kemdge Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 IQW, UK C.J. Knowies Biological Laboratory, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK A.J. Messenger Department of Biochemistry, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK J.M. Turner Department of Biochemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK This Page Intentionally Left Blank Contents V Contributors Mode of Action of Clinically Important Antifungal Drugs D. KERRIDGE I. 11. 111. IV. V. Introduction The nucleus as the primary target The cell membrane as the primary target Finale Acknowledgements References 1 5 19 57 63 64 Microbial Cyanide Metabolism C.J. KNOWLES and A. W. BUNCH I. 11. 111. IV. V. VI. Introduction Bacterial cyanide production Fungal cyanogenesis Cyanogenesis by photosynthetic micro-organisms Cyanide degradation Concluding remarks References 73 74 86 90 95 105 106 Bacterial Oxidation of Methane and Methanol C. ANTHONY I. 11. 111. IV. V. Introduction Oxidation of methane to methanol Oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde Energy transduction during the oxidation of methane and methanol Acknowledgements References 113 116 129 179 203 203 ... CONTENTS Vlll Occurrence, Biochemistry and Physiology of Phenazine Pigment Production JOHN M. TURNER and ANN J. MESSENGER I. Introduction 11. Natural occurrence and some properties of phenazines 111. Biosynthesis 21 1 218 242 IV. Secondary metabolism and the physiological significance of 260 phenazine production 268 V. Acknowledgements 268 References Nature and Development of Phenotypic Resistance to Arnphotericin B in Candida albicans ERNEST F. GALE I. Introduction TI. Mode of action of amphotericin 111. Assessment of amphotericin sensitivity IV. Interactions between amphotericin, sterols and surface structures of Cundidu ulbicans V. Changes in the cell wall during the stationary phase of culture VI. The effects of oxidation and reduction VII. Nature of the cell-wall barrier and its modification by reducing agents VIII. Incorporation of glucose into the (1 -3)$-glucan fraction IX. Actions of analogues of glucose X . Conclusions and in conclusion References Note added in proof Author Index Subject Index 278 28 1 283 286 289 293 297 303 305 316 318 321 323 34 1 Mode of Action of Clinically Important Antifungal Drugs DAVID KERRIDGE Department of