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This volume contains review articles covering a broad range of topics in image processing and analysis. The topics covered include image analysis - which has united and harmonized a host of heterogeneous material; contemporary approaches to the Fourier transform; number theoretic transforms, which are particularly attractive for discrete, finite signals; the use of the Wigner distribution - which encodes both spatial and spectral information, for image filtering; and applications of the concept of information energy. These up-to-date surveys are intended to provide the reader with access to the latest results in the extremely active field of image science.
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ADVANCES IN ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRON PHYSICS
VOLUME 44
CONTRIBUTORS TO THISVOLUME
A. A. Barybin David J. Bates Richard 1. Knight Lloyd Kusak Steven T. Manson Aris Silzars Salvatore Spinella J. L. Teszner S. Teszner Gernot M. R. Winkler
Advances in
Electronics and Electron Physics EDITEDBY L. MARTON Smithsonian Instirution, Washington, D.C. Assistant Editor
CLAIREMARTON EDITORIAL BOARD E. R. Piore T. E. Allibone M. Ponte H. B. G. Casimir W. G. Dow A. Rose L. P. Smith A. 0. C. Nier F. K. Willenbrock
VOLUME 44
1977
ACADEMIC PRESS
New York San Francisco London
A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers
COPYRIGHT @ 1977, BY ACADEMIC PRESS,INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. N O PART O F THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM T H E PUBLISHER.
ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
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United Kingdom Edition prrblislied by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD. 24/28 Oval Road, London NW1
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARDNUMBER:49-7504 ISBN 0-12-014644-4 PRINTED IN TH E UNITED STATES O F AMERICA
CONTENTS CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
vii ix
.
Atomic Photoelectron Spectroscopy I1 STEVEN T. MANSON I . Photoionization Cross Sections . . . I1 . Photoelectron Angular Distributions . 111. Summary and Concluding Remarks . . References . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 15 29 30
Timekeeping and Its Applications GERNOT M . R . WINKLER I . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I1 . Clocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111. Time Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . IV . RemoteTime Measurements-Synchronization . . . V . Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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34 43 73 77 88 90
Electrodynamic Concepts of Wave Interactions in Thin-Film Semiconductor Structures. I A . A . BARYBIN I . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I1. Searches for Methods of Design and Analysis of Solid-state Traveling-Wave Amplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111. Generalized Theory of Normal-Mode Excitation in Active Polarized-Medium Waveguides by External Sources . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
99 100
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110 135
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141 172 174 213
Microwave Power Semiconductor Devices. I1 Critical Review S. TESZNER AND J . L . TESZNER Three-Terminal Devices I . Bipolar Transistors. . . . . References for Section I . . . I1. Field-Effect Transistors . . . References for Section I1 . . . Present Trends and Future Development Power Semiconductor Devices I. Present Trends . . . .