Introductory Biostatistics For The Health Sciences: Modern Applications Including Bootstrap (wiley Series In Probability And Statistics)

cher-fm.qxd 1/13/03 1:13 PM Page i Introductory Biostatistics for the Health Sciences cher-fm.qxd 1/13/03 1:13 PM Page iii Introductory Biostatistics for the Health Sciences Modern Applications Including Bootstrap MICHAEL R. CHERNICK Novo Nordisk Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Princeton, New Jersey ROBERT H. FRIIS California State University Long Beach, California A JOHN WILEY & SONS PUBLICATION cher-fm.qxd 1/13/03 1:13 PM Page iv Copyright © 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4744, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, e-mail: [email protected] Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representation or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. For general information on our other products and services please contact our Customer Care Department within the U.S. at 877-762-2974, outside the U.S. at 317-572-3993 or fax 317-572-4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print, however, may not be available in electronic format. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available. ISBN 0-471-41137-X Printed in the United States of America. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 cher-fm.qxd 1/13/03 1:13 PM Page v Michael Chernick dedicates this book to his wife Ann and his children Nicholas, Daniel, and Kenneth. Robert Friis dedicates it to his wife Carol. cher-fm.qxd 1/13/03 1:13 PM Page vii Contents Preface xv 1. What is Statistics? How is it Applied in the Health Sciences? 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Definitions of Statistics and Statisticians 2 Why Study Statistics? 3 Types of Studies 8 1.3.1 Surveys and Cross-Sectional Studies 9 1.3.2 Retrospective Studies 10 1.3.3 Prospective Studies 10 1.3.4 Experi