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Advances in ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS VOLUME 43 Editors BENJAMIN BEDERSON New York University New York, New York HERBERT WALTHER Max-Planck-Institutfu’r Quantenoptik Garching bei Munchen Germany Editorial Board P. R. BERMAN University of Michigan Ann Arbol; Michigan M. GAVRILA F0.M. Instituut voor Atoom-en MolecuulJLsica Amsterdam The Netherlands M . INOKUTI Argonne National Laboratory Argonne, Illinois W. D. PHILLIPS National Institute for Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Malyland Founding Editor SIRDAVIDR. BATES Supplements 1. Atoms in Intense Laser Fields, Mihai Gavrila, Ed. 2. Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics, Paul R. Berman, Ed. 3. Cross Section Data, Mitio Inokuti, Ed. ADVANCES IN ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS Edited by Benjamin Bederson DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS NEW YORK UNIVERSITY NEW YORK, NEW YORK Herbert Walther UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH AND MAX-PLANK-INSTITUT FUR QUANTENOPTIK MUNICH, GERMANY Volume 43 ACADEMIC PRESS A Harcourt Science and Technology Company San Diego San Francisco New York Boston London Sydney Tokyo This book is printed on acid-free paper. @ Copyright 0 2000 by Academic Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. The appearance of code at the bottom of the first page of a chapter in this book indicates the Publishers’ consent that copies of the chapter may be made for personal or internal use of specific clients. This consent is given on the condition, however, that the copier pay the stated per-copy fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, h c . (222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, Massachusetts 01923), for copying beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law. This consent does not extend to other kinds of copying, such as copying for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating new collective works, or for resale. Copy fees for chapters are as shown on the title pages; if no fee code appears on the chapter title page, the copy fee is the same as for current chapters. 1049-25OX/OO $30.00. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to the following address: Permissions Department, Harcourt, Inc., 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, Florida 328876777. Explicit permission from Academic Press is not required to reproduce a maximum of two figures or tables from an Academic Press article in another scientific or research publication provided that the material has not been credited to another source and that full credit to the Academic Press article is given. ACADEMIC PRESS A Harcourt Science and Technology Company 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA http://www.apnet.com Academic Press 24-28 Oval road, London NWl 7DX, UK http://www.hbuk.co.uk/ap/ International Standard Book Number: 0- 12-003843-9 International Standard Serial Number: 1049-250X PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 99 00 01 02