ADVANCES IN Applied Microbiology VOLUME 10 CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS VOLUME Paul M. Borick S. G. Bradley Allan H. Brown Henry R. Bungay, 111 Mary Lou Bungay Alex Ciegler Edward D. Garber D. J . Kushner Gilbert V. Levin Eivind B. Lillehoj John W. Rippon S. N . Sehgal Kartar Singh Robert L. Starkey G. Stotzky M. J . Thirumalachar Claude Vezina ADVANCES IN Applied Microbiology Edited by W A Y N E W. UMBREIT Department of Bacteriology Rutgers, The State University New Brunswick, New Jersey D. PERLMAN School of Pharmacy The University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin V O L U M E 10 @ 1968 ACADEMIC PRESS, New York and London COPYRIGHT(8 1968, BY ACADEMICPRESS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS BOOK MAY BE REPRODUCED IN ANY FORM, BY PHOTOSTAT, MICROFILM, O R ANY OTHER MEANS, WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM THE PUBLISHERS. ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. 1 I 1 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD. Berkeley Square House, London W.l LIBRARY O F CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER59-13823 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors’ contributions begin. PAUL M. BORICK,Ethicon, Incorporated, Somerville, New Jersey (291) S. G. BRADLEY,Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Minnesota (101) ALLANH. BROWN,Depariment of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ( 5 ) HENRYR. BUNGAY,111, Department of Environmental Systems Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson. South Carolina (269) MARY LOU BUNGAY,Clemson, South Carolina (269) ALEX CIEGLER,Northern Regional Research Laboratory, Peoria, Illinois ( 155) EDWARDD. GARBER,Department of Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois ( I 37) D. J . KUSHNER,Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (73) GILBERTV. LEVIN,Biopherics Research, Incorporated, Washington, D. C. (55) EIVINDB. LILLEHOJ, Northern Regional Research Laboratory, Peoria, Illinois ( 1 55) JOHN W. RIPPON,Depariment of Medicine (Dermatology), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois ( I 37) S . N . SEHGAL,Department of Microbiology, Ayerst Laboratories, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (221) KARTARSINGH,Department of Microbiology, Ayerst Laboratories, Monireal, Quebec, Canada (22 1 ) ROBERTL. STARKEY,Departmeni of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers. The State Universiiy, New Brunswick, New Jersey ( I ) G. STOTZKY, Kitchawan Research Laboratory of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Ossining, New York (17)* M. J. THIRUMALACHAR, Antibioiics Research Centre, Hindustan Antibiotics Limited, Plmpri, Poona, India (3 13) CLAUDEVBZINA,Department of Microbiology, Ayrest Laboratories, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (22 I ) *Present address: Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York. V This Page Intentionally Left Blank PREFACE This volume represents an expansion into areas of applied microbiology other than those solely related to the laboratory. The reviews on the problems involved in determining the occurrence and ecological roles of microorganisms on other planets forecast some of the new activities for microbiologists in the twentieth century. The more practical aspects of harnessing microorganisms to help feed our expanding population are developed by Thirumalachar in the evaluation of the use of antibiotics for the control of food-destroying plant pathogens and by the Bungay’s who are concerned with the application of engineering to mixed culture systems. The paper by Vezina on new techniques in microbial transformations of organic c