ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY VOLUME 22 This Page Intentionally Left Blank Experimenta1 Social Psychology EDITED BY Leonard Berkowitz DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOWGY UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON MADISON, WISCONSIN VOLUME 22 ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers San Diego New York Berkeley Boston London Sydney Tokyo Toronto COPYRIGHT 0 1989 BY ACADEMICPRESS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM. WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER. ACADEMIC PRESS, INC . San Diego, California 92101 Unired Kingdom Edition puhlished by ACADEMIC PRESS LIMITED 24-28 Oval Road, London NWI 7DX LIBRARYOF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NLNBER: 64-23452 ISBN (alk. paper) 0 -1 2 -0 1 5 2 2 2 - 3 PRlhTED IN THE UMTED STATES OF AMERICA 8 9 9 0 9 1 9 2 9 8 1 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTENTS Contributors ...................................................... ix On the Construction of the Anger Experience: Aversive Events and Negative Priming in the Formation of Feelings Leonard Berkowitz and Karen Heimer I . Introduction ................................................. I1. Approaches to Emotion and Anger ............................. 111 A Cognitive-Neoassociationistic Analysis of Anger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV. The Present Research ......................................... V. General Discussion ........................................... References ................................................... . 1 2 7 13 31 35 Social Psychophysiology: A New Look John T. Cacioppo. Richard E . Petty. and Louis G . Tassinary I . Introduction ................................................. I1. Background .................................................. 111. An Alternative Conceptualization ............................... IV. Illustrating the New Look: Part I ............................... V. Illustrating the New Look: Part I1 .............................. VI . Sociological and Philosophical Obstacles ........................ VII . The New Look: Part 111 ....................................... VIII . Conclusion .................................................. References ................................................... 39 40 43 43 65 73 77 81 83 Self-Discrepancy Theory: What Patterns of Self-Beliefs Cause People to Suffer? E . Tory Higgins . I Introduction ................................................. I1 . Self-Discrepancy Theory ....................................... V 93 94 vi CONTENTS . Evidence for Hypothesis 1 of Self-Discrepancy Theory ............ 99 IV. Evidence for Hypothesis 2 of Self-Discrepancy Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 V. Summary and Concluding Remarks ............................. 128 References ................................................... 131 111 Minding Matters: The Consequences of Mindlessness-Mindfulness Ellen J . Langer I . Overview .................................................... I1. Mindlessness and Mindfulness .................................. 111. Mindlessnes-Mindfulness and Health ........................... IV. Mindlessness-Mindfulness and Performance ...................... V. Mindlessness-Mindfulness versus Related Concepts ............... VI. Misconceptions about the Advantages of Mindlessness and the Disadvantages of Mindfulness .......................... VII