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Pedagogical Color Chart Mechanics Displacement and position vectors Linear (p) and angular (L) momentum vectors Linear (v) and angular (v) velocity vectors Velocity component vectors Torque vectors ( t ) Linear or rotational motion directions Force vectors (F) Force component vectors Springs Pulleys Acceleration vectors (a) Acceleration component vectors Electricity and Magnetism Electric fields Capacitors Magnetic fields Inductors (coils) Positive charges + Voltmeters V Negative charges – Ammeters A AC Sources Resistors Batteries and other DC power supplies Switches – + Ground symbol Current Light and Optics Light rays Objects Lenses and prisms Images Mirrors Some Physical Constants Quantity Symbol Valuea Atomic mass unit u Avogadro’s number NA 1.660 538 86 (28) ⫻ 10⫺27 kg 931.494 043 (80) MeV/c 2 6.022 141 5 (10) ⫻ 1023 particles/mol Bohr magneton mB ⫽ Bohr radius a0 ⫽ Boltzmann’s constant kB ⫽ R NA 1.380 650 5 (24) ⫻ 10⫺23 J/K Compton wavelength lC ⫽ h mec 2.426 310 238 (16) ⫻ 10⫺12 m Coulomb constant ke ⫽ Deuteron mass md Electron mass me Electron volt Elementary charge Gas constant Gravitational constant eV e R G Josephson frequency –voltage ratio 2e h Magnetic flux quantum ⌽0 ⫽ Neutron mass mn Nuclear magneton mn ⫽ Permeability of free space m0 eប 2m e ប2 me e 2ke 1 4pP0 9.274 009 49 (80) ⫻ 10⫺24 J/T 5.291 772 108 (18) ⫻ 10⫺11 m 8.987 551 788 . . . ⫻ 109 N ⭈m2/C2 (exact) 3.343 583 35 (57) ⫻ 10⫺27 kg 2.013 553 212 70 (35) u 9.109 382 6 (16) ⫻ 10⫺31 kg 5.485 799 094 5 (24) ⫻ 10⫺4 u 0.510 998 918 (44) MeV/c 2 1.602 176 53 (14) ⫻ 10⫺19 J 1.602 176 53 (14) ⫻ 10⫺19 C 8.314 472 (15) J/mol ⭈ K 6.674 2 (10) ⫻ 10⫺11 N ⭈m2/kg2 4.835 978 79 (41) ⫻ 1014 Hz/V h 2e 2.067 833 72 (18) ⫻ 10⫺15 T ⭈m2 1.674 927 28 (29) ⫻ 10⫺27 kg 1.008 664 915 60 (55) u 939.565 360 (81) MeV/c 2 eប 2m p 5.050 783 43 (43) ⫻ 10⫺27 J/T 4p ⫻ 10⫺7 T ⭈m/A (exact) 1 8.854 187 817 . . . ⫻ 10⫺12 C2/N ⭈m2 (exact) Permittivity of free space P0 ⫽ Planck’s constant h 6.626 069 3 (11) ⫻ 10⫺34 J ⭈s h ប⫽ 2p 1.054 571 68 (18) ⫻ 10⫺34 J ⭈s Proton mass mp Rydberg constant Speed of light in vacuum RH c 1.672 621 71 (29) ⫻ 10⫺27 kg 1.007 276 466 88 (13) u 938.272 029 (80) MeV/c 2 1.097 373 156 852 5 (73) ⫻ 107 m⫺1 2.997 924 58 ⫻ 108 m/s (exact) m 0c 2 Note: These constants are the values recommended in 2002 by CODATA, based on a least-squares adjustment of data from different measurements. For a more complete list, see P. J. Mohr and B. N. Taylor, “CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants: 2002.” Rev. Mod. Phys. 77:1, 2005. a The numbers in parentheses for the values represent the uncertainties of the last two digits. Solar System Data Body Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Plutoa Moon Sun Mass (kg) Mean Radius (m) Period (s) Distance from the Sun (m) 3.18 ⫻ 1023 4.88 ⫻ 1024 5.98 ⫻ 1024 6.42 ⫻ 1023 1.90 ⫻ 1027 5.68 ⫻ 1026 8.68 ⫻ 1025 1.03 ⫻ 1026 ⬇1.4 ⫻ 1022 7.36 ⫻ 1022 1.991 ⫻ 1030 2.43 ⫻ 106 6.06 ⫻ 106 6.37 ⫻ 106 3.37 ⫻ 106 6.99 ⫻ 107 5.85 ⫻ 107 2.33 ⫻ 107 2.21 ⫻ 107 ⬇1.5 ⫻ 106 1.74 ⫻ 106 6.96 ⫻ 1