Composing Music with Computers Titles in the series Acoustics and Psychoacoustics, 2nd edition (with accompanying website: http://www-users.york.ac.uk/~dmh8/AcPsych/acpsyc.htm) David M. Howard and James Angus The Audio Workstation Handbook Francis Rumsey Composing Music with Computers (with CD-ROM) Eduardo Reck Miranda Computer Sound Synthesis for the Electronic Musician (with CD-ROM) Eduardo Reck Miranda Digital Audio CD and Resource Pack Markus Erne (Digital Audio CD also available separately) Network Technology for Digital Audio Andy Bailey Digital Sound Processing for Music and Multimedia (with accompanying website: http://www.York.ac.uk/inst/mustech/dspmm.htm) Ross Kirk and Andy Hunt MIDI Systems and Control, 2nd edition Francis Rumsey Sound and Recording: An introduction, 3rd edition Francis Rumsey and Tim McCormick Sound Synthesis and Sampling Martin Russ Sound Synthesis and Sampling CD-ROM Martin Russ Spatial Audio Francis Rumsey Composing Music with Computers Eduardo Reck Miranda Focal Press An imprint of Elsevier Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP 200 Wheeler Road, Burlington, MA 01803 First published 2002 Reprinted 2003, 2004 Copyright © 2001, Eduardo Reck Miranda. All rights reserved The right of Eduardo Reck Miranda to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, England W1T 4LP. Applications for the copyright holder’s written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the publishers Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science and Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax: (+44) (0) 1865 853333; e-mail:
[email protected] You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage (http://www.elsevier.com), by selecting ‘Customer Support’ and then ‘Obtaining Permissions’ British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 0 240 51567 6 For information on all Focal Press publications visit our website at www.focalpress.com Printed and bound in Great Britain by The Bath Press, Bath Contents Series introduction ix Foreword xi Preface xv 1 Computer music: facing the facts 1 1.1 Abstraction boundaries 2 1.2 Time-domain hierarchies 4 1.2.1 The domain of immediate perception: timbre 4 1.2.2 The domain of frequency 5 1.2.3 The domain of pulse 7 1.2.4 The domain of form 8 1.3 Approaching composition 8 1.3.1 Top-down versus bottom-up 9 1.3.2 Interface modelling 11 1.3.3 Parametrical thinking 12 1.4 Cognitive archetypes 14 1.4.1 Metaphorical associations 14 1.4.2 Elementary schemes 16 1.5 Concluding remarks 20 2 Preparing the ground 21 2.1 Elementary discrete mathematics 21 2.1.1 Algebraic modelling 22 2.1.2 Graph-based modelling 23 2.2 Fundamentals of set theory 25 2.2.1 Set operations 27 2.2.2 Set algebra 28 2.2.3 Selection and combination 29 v Contents 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 vi Basics of logic 31 Introduction to matrices 34 The basic