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This book examines how English writers from the Elizabethan period to the Restoration transformed and contested the ancient ideal of the virtuous mean. As early modern authors learned at grammar school and university, Aristotle and other classical thinkers praised "golden means" balanced between extremes: courage, for example, as opposed to cowardice or recklessness. By uncovering the enormous variety of English responses to this ethical doctrine, Joshua Scodel revises our understanding of the vital interaction between classical thought and early modern literary culture.Scodel argues that English authors used the ancient schema of means and extremes in innovative and contentious ways hitherto ignored by scholars. Through close readings of diverse writers and genres, he shows that conflicting representations of means and extremes figured prominently in the emergence of a self-consciously modern English culture. Donne, for example, reshaped the classical mean to promote individual freedom, while Bacon held extremism necessary for human empowerment. Imagining a modern rival to ancient Rome, georgics from Spenser to Cowley exhorted England to embody the mean or lauded extreme paths to national greatness. Drinking poetry from Jonson to Rochester expressed opposing visions of convivial moderation and drunken excess, while erotic writing from Sidney to Dryden and Behn pitted extreme passion against the traditional mean of conjugal moderation. Challenging his predecessors in various genres, Milton celebrated golden means of restrained pleasure and self-respect. Throughout this groundbreaking study, Scodel suggests how early modern treatments of means and extremes resonate in present-day cultural debates.
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qqqqqqq qqqqqqq E X C E S S A N D T H E M E A N I N E A R LY M O D E R N E N G L I S H L I T E R AT U R E L I T E R AT U R E I N H I S T O R Y SERIES EDITORS David Bromwich, James Chandler, and Lionel Gossman The books in this series study literary works in the context of the intellectual conditions, social movements, and patterns of action in which they took shape. OTHER BOOKS IN THE SERIES Lawrence Rothfield, Vital Signs: Medical Realism in Nineteenth-Century Fiction David Quint, Epic and Empire: Politics and Generic Form from Virgil to Milton Alexander Welsh, The Hero of the Waverly Novels Susan Dunn, The Deaths of Louis XVI: Regicide and the French Political Imagination Sharon Achinstein, Milton and the Revolutionary Reader Esther Schor, Bearing the Dead: The British Culture of Mourning from the Enlightenment to Victoria Elizabeth K. Helsinger, Rural Scenes and National Representation: Britain, 1815–1850 Katie Trumpener, Bardic Nationalism: The Romantic Novel and the British Empire Karen Chase and Michael Levenson, The Spectacle of Intimacy: A Public Life for the Victorian Family qqqqqqqq JOSHUA SCODEL qqqqqqqq Excess and the Mean in Early Modern English Literature PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS PRINCETON AND OXFORD COPYRIGHT 2002 BY PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS PUBLISHED BY PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS, 41 WILLIAM STREET, PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY 08540 IN THE UNITED KINGDOM: PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS, 3 MARKET PLACE, WOODSTOCK, OXFORDSHIRE OX20 1SY ALL RIGHTS RESERVED LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA SCODEL, JOSHUA, 1958– EXCESS AND THE MEAN IN EARLY MODERN ENGLISH LITERATURE / JOSHUA SCODEL P. CM. (LITERATURE IN HISTORY SERIES) INCLUDES BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES AND INDEX. ISBN 0-691-09028-9 (ACID-FREE PAPER) 1. ENGLISH LITERATURE—EARLY MODERN, 1500–1700—HISTORY AND CRITICISM. 2. MODERATION IN LITERATURE. 3. LITERATURE AND SOCIETY—ENGLAND— HISTORY—16TH CENTURY. 4. LITERATURE AND SOCIETY—ENGLAND—HISTORY—17TH CENTURY. 5. DIDACTIC LITERATURE, ENGLISH—HISTORY AND CRITICISM. 6. ENGLISH LITERATURE—CLASSICAL INFLUENCES. 7. TEMPERANCE IN LITERAT