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The Project Physics Course Supplemental Unit Discoveries in Physics B Supplemental Unit B Discoveries in Physics by David L. Anderson Oberlin College Published by A Component of the Project Physics Course HOLT, RINEHART and WINSTON, New York, Toronto Inc. Directors of Harvard Project Physics Picture Credits Gerald Holton, Department of Physics, Cover photographs: upper left, courtesy of Physics Today; upper right, Brown Brothers; center, courtesy of Professor M. S. Livingston, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; lower left, Culver Pictures, Inc.; lower right, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge. Harvard University James Rutherford, Chairman of the Department of Science Education, New York University, New York Fletcher G. Watson, Harvard Graduate F. School of Education Facing page 1, Haags Gemeentemuseum. 4, Yerkes Observatory and Lowell Page Observatory. Page Page New York PubUc Library; Yerkes Observatory. 6, Fig. 1-2, Fig. 1-3, Page Page The Bettmann Archives, Harvard Observatory. 12, Fig. 1-7, Inc.; Fig. 1-8, 13, Fig. 1-9, Yerkes Observatory. Lowell Observatory 17, Fig. 1-11, Photograph; Fig. 1-12, WIDE WORLD PHOTOS. This Supplemental Unit is one of the many instructional materials developed for the Project Physics Course. These materials include Texts, Handbooks, Teacher Resource Books, Readers, Programmed Instruction booklets, Film Loops, Transparencies, 16mm films, and laboratory equipment. Page Page Page Lowell Observatory Photograph. Deutsches Museum, Munich. 32, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge. 18, 31, The Bettmann Archive, Inc. George Thomson. Page Page Page 35, Page Page Page 51, WIDE WORLD PHOTOS. 52, American Page Page Page Page Page Page Page 57, 39, Courtesy of Sir 46, Project Physics Fihn "The World of Enrico Fermi". Page 48, University of Chicago. Institute of Physics. 54, Segre Collection, Niels Library. New York Pubhc 59, Scientific Bohr Library. American. 62, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. 76, National Accelerator Laboratory. 77, TASS from SOVFOTO. 79, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory. Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge. Page 84, Haags Gemeentemuseum. Page 85, Yerkes Observatory and Lowell Observatory; Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge; Project Physics Film "The World of Enrico Fermi"; Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. © Copyright 1973, Project Physics All Rights Reserved ISBN 0-03-086754-1 34567 006 987654321 Project Physics is a registered trademark 83, 1 Contents Prologue 1 Chapter New 1 Findings in the Introduction 5 The discovery of Uranus 6 The stirange motion of Uranus Perturbations 10 The discovery of Neptune 1 Heavens — Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto 8 The orbit of Neptune 14 The discovery of Pluto 17 Experiment Chapter 2 22 Cathode Rays and the Discovery of the Electron The discovery of cathode rays 33 The wave theory of cathode rays 34 A particle theory is proposed 35 Properties of the particles: Schuster's calculations Hertz's experiments in support of the 36 wave theo