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The Encyclopaedia of Islam (New Edition) sets out the present state of our knowledge of the Islamic World. It is a unique and invaluable reference tool, an essential key to understanding the world of Islam, and the authoritative source not only for the religion, but also for the believers and the countries in which they live. It embraces articles on distinguished Muslims of every age and land, on tribes and dynasties, on the crafts and sciences, on political and religious institutions, on the geography, ethnography, flora and fauna of the various countries and on the history, topography and monuments of the major towns and cities. In its geographical and historical scope it encompasses the old Arabo-Islamic empire, the Islamic countries of Iran, Central Asia, the Indian sub-continent and Indonesia, the Ottoman Empire and all other Islamic countries. The New Edition is published in double fascicules of 112 pages. Eight double fascicules make up one volume. Upon completion of a volume, covers and prelims are supplied for binding.
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THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF ISLAM THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF ISLAM NEW EDITION PREPARED BY A NUMBER OF LEADING ORIENTALISTS EDITED BY AN EDITORIAL COMMITTEE CONSISTING OF H. A. R. GIBB, J. H. KRAMERS, E. LfiVI-PROVENgAL, J. SCHACHT ASSISTED BY S. M. STERN AS SECRETARY GENERAL (pp. 1-320) B. LEWIS, CH. PELLAT AND J. SCHACHT ASSISTED BY C. DUMONT AND R. M. SAVORY AS EDITORIAL SECRETARIES (pp. 321-1359) UNDER THE PATRONAGE OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF ACADEMIES VOLUME I A-B PHOTOMECHANICAL REPRINT LEIDEN E. J. BRILL 1986 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Former and present members: A. ABEL, C. C. BERG, F. GABRIELI, E. GARC!A G6MEZ, H. A. R. GIBB, the late J. H. KRAMERS, the late E. LEVI-PROVENCAL, [G. LEVI DELLA VIDA], B. LEWIS, [the late E. LITTMANN], H. MASSE, G. C. MILES, H. S. NYBERG, R. PARET, CH. PELLAT, J. PEDERSEN, [the late N. W. POSTHUMUS], J. SCHACHT, F. C. WIEDER Former and present associated members: H. H. ABDUL WAHAB, the late A. ADNAN ADIVAR, HUSAIN DJAJADININGRAT, A. A. A. FYZEE, M. FUAD KOPRULU, IBRAHIM MADKOUR, KHALIL MARDAM BEY, NAJI AL-ASIL, MUHAMMAD SHAFI, HASAN TAGHIZADE, E. TYAN Former ana present honorary members: G. LEVI DELLA VIDA; the late E. LITTMANN ON THE COMPLETION OF THE FIRST VOLUME OF THE NEW EDITION OF THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF ISLAM, THE EDITORIAL COMMITTEE PAYS HOMAGE TO THE MEMORY OF J. H. KRAMERS AND E. LfiVI-PROVEN£AL, MEMBERS OF THE EXECUTIVE AND OF THE EDITORIAL COMMITTEES, DECEASED IN 1951 AND IN 1956 RESPECTIVELY. ist edition 1960 reprinted 1967 reprinted 1979 ISBN 90 04 08114 3 Copyright 1960 by E. J. Brill, Leiden, Netherlands All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or translated in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm or any other means without written permission from the Editors PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS AUTHORS OF ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME Names in square brackets in this list are those of authors of articles reprinted or revised from the first edition of this Encyclopaedia or from the Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam. An asterisk after the name of the author denotes those articles reprinted from the first edition which have been brought up to date by the Editorial Committee; where an article has been revised by a second author his name appears within square brackets at the end of the article after the name of the original author. M. ABDUL HAI, University of Dacca. H. H. ABDUL WAHAB, Tunis. A. ABEL, University of Brussels. A. ADAM, Institut des Hautes-fitudes Marocaines, Rabat. the late A. ADNAN ADIVAR, Istanbul. F. R. ALLCHIN, University of Cambridge. R. ANHEGGER, Istanbul. W. 'ARAFAT, University of London. R. R. ARAT, University of Istanbul. A. J. ARBERRY, University of Cambridge. [C. VAN ARENDONK, Leiden]. E. ASHTOR, Heb