Topics in Applied Physics Volume 102 Topics in Applied Physics is part of the SpringerLink service. For all customers with standing orders for Topics in Applied Physics we offer the full text in electronic form via SpringerLink free of charge. Please contact your librarian who can receive a password for free access to the full articles by registration at: springerlink.com → Orders If you do not have a standing order you can nevertheless browse through the table of contents of the volumes and the abstracts of each article at: springerlink.com → Browse Publications Topics in Applied Physics Topics in Applied Physics is a well-established series of review books, each of which presents a comprehensive survey of a selected topic within the broad area of applied physics. Edited and written by leading research scientists in the field concerned, each volume contains review contributions covering the various aspects of the topic. Together these provide an overview of the state of the art in the respective field, extending from an introduction to the subject right up to the frontiers of contemporary research. Topics in Applied Physics is addressed to all scientists at universities and in industry who wish to obtain an overview and to keep abreast of advances in applied physics. The series also provides easy but comprehensive access to the fields for newcomers starting research. Contributions are specially commissioned. The Managing Editors are open to any suggestions for topics coming from the community of applied physicists no matter what the field and encourage prospective editors to approach them with ideas. Managing Editors Dr. Claus E. Ascheron Dr. Hans J. Koelsch Springer-Verlag GmbH Tiergartenstr. 17 69121 Heidelberg Germany Email:
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[email protected] Hiroshi Imai Masahito Hayashi (Eds.) Quantum Computation and Information From Theory to Experiment With 49 Figures 123 Hiroshi Imai Graduate School of Information, Science and Technology The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo, 113-8656 Japan and ERATO Quantum Computation and Information Project Japan Science and Technology Agency 201 Daini Hongo White Bldg 5-28-3, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
[email protected] Masahito Hayashi ERATO Quantum Computation and Information Project Japan Science and Technology Agency 201 Daini Hongo White Bldg 5-28-3, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
[email protected] Library of Congress Control Number: 2006923435 Physics and Astronomy Classification Scheme (PACS): 03.67.Lx, 03.67.-a, 03.67.Dd, 03.67.Mn, 42.50.-p ISSN print edition: 0303-4216 ISSN electronic edition: 1437-0859 ISBN-10 3-540-33132-8 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN-13 978-3-540-33132-2 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the ri