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JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY LIBRARY- volume 56 chromatography in the petroleum industry This Page Intentionally Left Blank JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY LIBRARY-volume 56 chromatography in the petroleum industry edited b y E.R. Adlard Burton, South Wirral, UK ELSEVIER Amsterdam-Lausanne-New York-Oxford-Shannon -Tokyo 1995 ELSEVIER SCIENCE B.V. Sara Burgerhartstraat 25 P.O. Box 21 1,1000AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Chromatography in the petroleum industry / edited b y E.R. Adlard. p. cm. -- (Journal of chromatography library ; v. 56) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-444-89776-3(acid-free) 1. Petroleum-Analysis. 2. Chromatographic analysis-Industrial applications. I. Adlard, E.R. 11. Series. TP691.C58 1995 95-30628 665.5’028’7--dc?O CIP ISBN 0-444-89776-3 01995 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored i n a retrieval system or transmitted i n any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher, Elsevier Science B.V., Copyright & Permissions Department, P.O. Box 521,1000 A M Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Special regulations for readers i n the U.S.A. - This publication has been registered with the Copyright Clearance Center Inc. (CCC), Salem, Massachusetts. Information can be obtained from the CCC about conditions under which photocopies of parts of this publication may be made i n the U.S.A.All other copyright questions, including photocopying outside of the U.S.A., should be referred to the publisher. No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage t o persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Printed i n The Netherlands V Contents Foreword .................................................................................................................... List of Contributors..................................................................................................... . The analysis of hydrocarbon gases .................................................. C.J. Cowper Introduction ....................................................................................................... Natural gas ......................................................................................................... 1.2.1 Analytical requirements ...................................................................... 1.2.1.1 CV measurement ................................................................ 1.2.1.2 Hydrocarbon dewpoint calculation..................................... 1.2.2 Analytical procedures.......................................................................... 1.2.2.1 Isothermal methods............................................................. 1.2.2.2 Two detectors ..................................................................... 1.2.2.3 C6+ detail............................................................................ 1.2.2.4 Temperature programming................................................. 1.2.2.5 Combined systems.............................................................. 1.2.2.6 Separation in backflush ...................................................... 1.2.2.7 Rapid analysis..................................................................... 1.2.3 Quantitative measurement................................................................... 1.2.3.1 Comprehensive analysis ..................................................... 1.2.3.2 Air co