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Statistical Quality Control ©2001 CRC Press LLC Statistical Quality Control M. Jeya Chandra Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA 16802 ©2001 CRC Press LLC Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Catalog record is available from the Library of Congress This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying. Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe. Visit the CRC Press Web site at www.crcpress.com © 2001 by CRC Press LLC No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 0-8493-2347-9 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Printed on acid-free paper ©2001 CRC Press LLC Preface The objective of this book is to expose the reader to the various steps in the statistical quality control methodology. It is assumed that the reader has a basic understanding of probability and statistics taught at the junior level in colleges. The book is based on materials taught in a graduate-level course on statistical quality control in the Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering at The Pennsylvania State University. The material discussed in this book can be taught in a 15-week semester and consists of nine chapters written in a logical manner. Some of the material covered in the book is adapted from journal publications. Sufficient examples are provided to illustrate the theoretical concepts covered. I would like to thank those who have helped make this book possible. My colleague and friend, Professor Tom M. Cavalier of The Pennsylvania State University, has been encouraging me to write a textbook for the last ten years. His encouragement was a major factor in my writing this book. Many people are responsible for the successful completion of this book. I owe a lot to Professor Murray Smith of the University of Auckland, New Zealand, for his ungrudging help in generating the tables used in this book. My heartfelt thanks go to Hsu-Hua (Tim) Lee, who worked as my manager and helped me tremendously to prepare the manuscript; I would have been completely lost without his help. I would also like to thank Nicholas Smith for typing part of the manuscript and preparing the figures. Thanks are also due to Cecilia Devasagayam and Himanshu Gupta for their help in generating some of the end-of-chapter problems. I thank the numerous graduate students who took this course during the past few years, especially Daniel Finke, for their excellent suggestions for improvement. A manuscript cannot be converted into a textbook without the help of a publisher. I would like to express my gratitude to CRC Press for agreeing to publish this book. My sincere thanks go to Cindy Renee Carelli, Engineering Acquisitions E