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FESTKORPERPROBLEME XXl ADVANCES IN SOLID STATE PHYSICS FESTKiiRPER PROBLEME XXl ADVAHCES IN PHYSI Plenary Lectures of the Divisions "Semiconductor Physics" "Metal Physics" "Low Temperature Physics" "Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics" "Thin Films" "Magnetism" "Quantum Optics" of the German Physical Society MSnster, March 9 - 1 4 , 1981 Edited by J. Treusch, Dortmund With 221 figures V ieweg CIP-Kurztitelaufnahrne der Deutschen Bibliothek Festktirper-Ptobleme: plenary lectures of the Divisions Semiconductor Physics ... of the German Physic. Soc. = Advances in solid state physics. - Braunschweig: Vieweg ISSN 0430-3393 Bis Bd. 15 auch verlegt yon Pergamon Press, Oxford, Elmsford, T o r o n t o , Sydney 2 1 . MUnster, March 9 - 1 4 , 1981. ISBN 3-528-08027-2 NE: Deutsche Physikalische GeseUschaft / Fachausschu~ Halbleiterphysik; PT ISSN 0430-3393 All rights reserved © Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Braunschweig 1981 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without prior permission of the copyright holder. Set by Vieweg, Braunschweig Printed by E. Hunold, Braunschweig Bookbinder: W. Langeliiddecke, Braunschweig Cover design: Barbara Seebohm, Braunschweig Printed in Germany-West ISBN 3-528-08027-2 Foreword V o l u m e XXI of "Festk6rperprobleme/Advances in Solid S t a t e Physics" comprises a selection of the invited papers delivered a t the Spring meeting o f the S o l i d State Division of the German Physical Society, held in Manster, 1 9 8 1 . The first contribution is by K. v. Klitzing. He was awarded the WalterS c h o t t k y prize for his determination o f the Fine Structure C o n s t a n t t h r o u g h measurements of the quantized Hall-resistance in a quasitwodimensional electron gas. The l a t t e r was realized t h r o u g h a MOSFET, thus yielding a particularly nice example for the close relationship between fundamental physics and technical applications. A theoretical and a n experimental contribution to surface excitations and t h e i r spectroscopy demonstrate the vital interest to understand the physics of surfaces. Four reviews deal with tetrahedral semiconductors, namely with t e r n a r y compounds, with the electronic structure of a m o r p h o u s hydrogenated Silicon, with deep i m p u r i t y levels and with self-interstitials and vacancies. T a l k s on impurities in transition metals, on intercalated graphite, o n the dynamics of ion conductors and on thermoelectric effects in superconductors yield a glimpse on the wide range of physical phenomena d e a l t with a t this conference. Finally, aspects of applied physics are t o u c h e d in talks on nonlinear spectroscopy and on magnetic components for microwaves and optics. The last p a p e r concerning Josephson devices closes the circle, demonstrating once more the close c o n n e x i o n between fundamental physical phenomena and powerful technical applications evolving from t h e m . I take the o p p o r t u n i t y to express m y gratitude for six years o f successful and speedy cooperation to the Vieweg Verlag and all authors, this volume being the last before m y retirement as editor. E d i t i n g this series was, as m y predecessor, Hans Joachim Queisser, predicted, fun and excitement. This will go to P e t e r Grosse, the elected successor as chairman o f the Semiconductor Division. Joachim Treusch D o r t m u n d , May 1981 Contents Klaus yon Klitzing The Fine Structure Constant a - A Contribution o f Semiconductor Physics to the Determination of Alexei A. Maradudin Surface waves 25 Hans Liith High Resolution Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy on Semiconductor Surfaces 117 Angus Mac