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GLYCERINE ITS I'IIODUCTION, USES AND EXAMINATIOI?: I:OR C1-1EM I ST S , 11' 3 RF U M Is lis, S0 AI' MA I;~1)cr, in the iiianulacture of artificial wool, for softeniiig iLnd lieeping moist driving belts, sole lcathcr, inodcJIing, etc., in glue and gdatine making, in the 1)roduction of printing rollers and hectograph blocl;~,as also clastio blocks, for filling gas inetcrs, 1iyclr.aulio 1 ) ~ floating coinpasses, l o r lubricating Clocks chinery, for lieeping guns clean, for 1)i:o"inction ol: cop37ing inks, inks for stnuping, and copyiug-11:~1 ai., in the iua,nuf'actnre of p q m - h m g i n g s itnd soiLl)s, iii the iron foundry for tlic manufacture ol: cast-ii:oii, in photography, for t k e inanufactnre of blaaliiiig, luting, Imt-water heating, etc. The ltt~gestqnnntiCy is, however, employed for the poduction of iiiti-oglycerine m d dynamite, while it also sei:vcs lor thc InanuEactnre of forrnic acid, allyl alcohol, and :utificiaI mustard oil. Glycerine is used, iiioreover, for the 111 of anatomical specimens and the lynlph lor ViLcCillibtion, for extraction of pepsin, for the preparation of IN'VRODUC'VION 5 liniitients, salves, injections, for keeping moist pill mil tablet niasses, Tor court-plaster, and gelatine capsules, as solvent for medicind substances, as relnedy foi. cliap1)ed ~ 1 ~ lor. 1 , eamclie, for skilltlisteascil, ctc. CI-IAPTER I. INIZ, so l w as at present li1i0~11,doe\ not occur 111 natnre in the free itate; but exists in v a ~ y iiiany combinations, tmd can be produced by c s h b lirliecl clieiiiical processes. As was shown Ly Chevrenl in the first quarter of the last century, true fats, \vIictlier 01 the aniinal or ol bhc vcgetablc l i l ~ l ~ i l o mist i ~ , as coiiibiiiations of various acids wibh glycerine. Since, then, in all aiiiinal aiid vegctable o~gi~nis111~ lat is fonnd, we can describe glycerine as Q universally dissemiiiated pi,ocluc;t in niiiiiial and vegetable bodies. We also l:iiow, moreover, various proceise5 by which certain definite quantities of glycerine are pruiluced, and the iiiost interesting of those is blie leriiieiitatioii ol spirituous liquors. If one ~ I O M ~ S wine-iunst or sweet - wort to fernlent, thew is Ioi~nied,licsides a1r;ohol atid cai3boii dioxicle, a ccrtaiii qumtity of glycerine as a 1e~ineiitatinii-l)ro~l~ By allowing oiie of the above-nientioned liquids, or even pure sugai solution, to feriiient, one obbnins besides nlcoliol, glycerine and succinic acid, and thsb in pretty considerable yutmtity ; for esainple, i 1:\ f r o m iiunierous researches, wine contains up to 2 per cent glycerine, while in Ixei. 0.9 per cant may be found. By tlic iiiany 1)rocesses which tolcc place during the l)roductian o l rancidity in fats, glyccrine is also formed, being lilmatcd in thc ~ U C Cstate. If one exl)oscs p l i i i oil, a fat vcry liablc to bccoine rancid, for several lnonths in thin laycrs t o the i>k, m c l tlicn extmcis wit11 wi~tcr,the prcsencc ol gl ycerinc is rcadily dclccted. As r e g " chciiiiml constitution, glyccvinc is an al~oliol, a tieiliydric 1 ~ 1 ~ 0 1 1 0 1t11i~t , is OIE in which tl1J'W 31tO111S 01 hJ'dl'O~c11al'C l'Cl)l&CC&blO 1,)' :L 1110110h s i c acid 1-adiolc. 13y iuch suhstititLion, c o ~ u p o i ~ i ~ arc obtained wliicli :we known a s ctlicrs 01' esters. " 0 s arc Ihen etliers, estcix, or glycerides. The coiiipositioii oJ glyccrinc iiiay bc csprosscci by tllc: lonuula U,,TT,O,, ; having r c g ~ dto the l'act that in thc three hydroxyl groiips, wliicli ;tw prosciit in glycerinc, 311 tlic liydi~ogenstiiiiy bc i*cplaccd by iln acid rsdicle, onc has the r.ationa1 f o r ~ u i hlor gly ccrinc C:& r, (OH):i. ouiporindr witli glywrinc are p[ s GLYCI3Erm coinposition C,,H,,,,O, ; t'he glyceride of st'earic acid occurring in fats is tristearin, of tlie foriiiula C:iH:,(OC18H~i50)8. Palmitic acid, C,,,H