MEMBRANE DISTILLATION PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS by MOHAMED KHAYET Dept of Applied Physics I, Univ Complutense of Madrid, Spain and TAKESHI MATSUURA Industrial Membrane Res Laboratory, Dept of Chem Biol Eng, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Elsevier Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK Copyright Ó 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (+44) 1865 843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333, E-mail:
[email protected] You may also complete your request online via the Elsevier homepage (http://elsevier.com), by selecting “Support & Contact”then “Copyright and Permission” and then “Obtaining Permissions.” Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. 978-0-444-53126-1 For information on all Elsevier Publications visit our Web site at elsevierdirect.com 11 12 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed and bound in Great Britain This book is dedicated to our families in appreciation for their support. Preface As human population grows, serious problems are imposed upon the current production systems such as carbon dioxide emission into the atmosphere, shortage in fresh water supply and large energy consumption. Sustainable growth of human activities is thus becoming increasingly more difficult. Under these circumstances, development of novel industrial processes requiring less energy is of vital importance. It is hence natural that the membrane separation process has continued to replace conventional separation processes from the time of its inception almost a half century ago due to its inherently less energy requirement. As a result, pressure-driven processes such as reverse osmosis, nano-filtration, ultrafiltration, membrane gas and vapour separation are nowadays considered as well established and reliable separation processes. As they grow mature, membrane separation processes of second generation are searched for to further enhance the productivity a