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Vaidutis Antanas ŠALNA Fizikos olimpas Vilnius 2004 www.olimpas.lt UDK 535(075.3) Ša58 3DUHQJ¡ 9LOQLDXV XQLYHUVLWHWR GRF 9DLGXWLV Antanas ŠALNA 5HFHQ]DYR SURI 9\WDXWDV %$/(9,ý,86 5HGDNWRU¡ $OGRQD .587,1,(1 Šalna, Vaidutis Antanas Optika. – Vilnius, Fizikos olimpas. 2004 0RN\PR NQ\JD \SDWLQJDL JDELÐ PRNLQLÐ SDSLOGRPR XJG\PR PRN\NORV ³)L]LNRV ROLPSDV´ PRNVOHLYLDPV /HLGLQLX JDOL QDXGRWLV LU NLWL PRNVOHLYLDL EHL DXNãWÐMÐ PRN\NOÐ studentai Nuo 2003 01 30 šL PRN\PR NQ\JD \UD LU LQWHUQHWR VYHWDLQ¡MH www.olimpas.lt Vaidutis Antanas Šalna, 2004 Fizikos olimpas, 2004 ISBN 9986-778-04-2 www.olimpas.lt TURINYS %$1*,1 6 â9,(626 7(25,-26 ²9$'$6.................................................... 6 1.1. +DUPRQLQLDL YLUSHVLDL 0RQRFKURPDWLQ¡V EDQJRV .................................................. 6 1.2. Superpozicijos principas......................................................................................... 7 1.3. Elektrinio dipolio spinduliavimas........................................................................... 7 1.4. (OHNWURPDJQHWLQLÐ EDQJÐ SROLDUL]DFLMD ................................................................... 8 1.5. 9LUSHVLÐ LU EDQJÐ VXG¡WLV...................................................................................... 10 2. ŠVIESOS SKLIDIMAS IZOTROP,1 -( 7(53 -( ...................................... 12 2.1. Šviesos dispersija.................................................................................................. 12 2.2. Šviesos sugertis..................................................................................................... 14 âYLHVRV DWVSLQG\V LU OÌåLV ...................................................................................... 16 9LVLãNDVLV YLGDXV DWVSLQG\V âYLHVRODLGåLDL .......................................................... 20 â9,(626 6./,',0$6 $1,=27523,1 -( 7(53 -( ................................. 22 .ULVWDOÐ RSWLNRV SDJULQGDL..................................................................................... 22 3.2. Šviesos sklidimas vienašiuose kristaluose ............................................................ 26 3.3. Poliarizacijos plokštumos sukimas ....................................................................... 29 3.4. Poliarizatoriai........................................................................................................ 30 4. ŠVIESOS INTERFERENCIJA ....................................................................... 33 4.1. Koherentiniai virpesiai ir bangos.......................................................................... 33 ,QWHUIHUHQFLMRV VWHE¡MLPR PHWRGDL......................................................................... 35 1HPRQRFKURPDWLQ¡V ãYLHVRV LQWHUIHUHQFLja .......................................................... 36 3ORQÐMÐ SO¡YHOLÐ VSDOYRV ....................................................................................... 37 9LHQRGR VWRULR LU YLHQRGR SROLQNLR LQWHUIHUHQFLQ¡V MXRVWHO¡V ............................... 38 'LHOHNWULQLDL YHLGURGåLDL 2SWLNRV VNDLGULQLPDV ................................................... 40 4.7. Interferenciniai šviesos filtrai ............................................................................... 40 4.8. Interferencijos taikymas........................................................................................ 42 5. ŠVIESOS DIFRAKCIJA .............................................................................. 45 5.1. Hiuigenso ir Frenelio principas............................................................................. 45 5.2. Frenelio zonos....................................................................................................... 46