Electric power systems are experiencing significant changes at the worldwide scale in order to become cleaner, smarter, and more reliable. This edited book examines a wide range of topics related to these changes, which are primarily caused by the introduction of information technologies, renewable energy penetration, digitalized equipment, new operational strategies, and so forth. The emphasis will be put on the modeling and control of smart grid systems. The book addresses research topics such as high efficiency transformers, wind turbines and generators, fuel cells, or high speed turbines and generators.
Power Systems Federico Milano Power System Modelling and Scripting ABC Dr. Federico Milano ETSII, University of Castilla - La Mancha 13071, Ciudad Real Spain E-mail:
[email protected] ISSN 1612-1287 e-ISSN 1860-4676 ISBN 978-3-642-13668-9 e-ISBN 978-3-642-13669-6 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-13669-6 Springer London Dordrecht Heidelberg New York British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Control Number: 2010928724 c Springer-Verlag London Limited 2010 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. Cover Design: deblik, Berlin, Germany Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) To Yolanda and Alessandro Plato, Sophist, 365-361 B.C. 2.1 We make ourselves pictures of facts. 2.12 The picture is a model of reality. 2.225 There is no picture which is a priori true. Ludwig Wittgenstein, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, 1922 A.D. Preface History the Book The first draft of these notes was born in the winter of 2002. At that time, I was a visiting scholar at the University of Waterloo. Originally, those notes were not intended as a book, but as a quick reference for not forgetting the models I was implementing for my research. After eight years, I am with Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. During these years, the notes have been growing up little by little, ceaselessly. During the summer of 2009, I have reorganized the notes in the present book. Justification of the Title Power system modelling and scripting is a quite general and ambitious title. Of course, to embrace all existing aspects of power system modelling would lead to an encyclopedia. Thus, the book focuses on a subset of power system models based on the following assumptions: (i) devices are modelled as a set of nonlinear differential algebraic equations, (ii) all alternate-current devices are operating in three-phase balanced fundamental frequency, and (iii) the time frame of the dynamics of interest ranges from tenths to tens of seconds. These assump