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BOWOM TURBULENCE BOWOM TURBULENCE FURTHER TITLES IN THIS SERIES 1 J.L. MERO THE MINERAL RESOURCES O F THE SEA 2 L.M. FOMIN THE DYNAMIC METHOD IN OCEANOGRAPHY 3 E.J.F. WOOD MICROBIOLOGY OF OCEANS AND ESTUARIES 4 G.NEUMANN OCEAN CURRENTS 5 N.G. JERLOV OPTICAL OCEANOGRAPHY 6 V. VACQUIER GEOMAGNETISM IN MARINE GEOLOGY I W.J. WALLACE THE DEVELOPMENT O F THE CHLORINITY/SALINITY CONCEPT IN OCEANOGRAPHY 8 E. LISITZIN SEA-LEVEL CHANGES 9 R.H.PARKER THE STUDY O F BENTHIC COMMUNITIES 1 0 J.C.J. NIHOUL MODELLING O F MARINE SYSTEMS 11 0.1. MAMAYEV TEMPERATURE-SALINITY ANALYSIS O F WORLD OCEAN WATERS 1 2 E.J. FERGUSON WOOD and R.E. JOHANNES TROPICAL MARINE POLLUTION 13 E. STEEMANN NIELSEN MARINE PHOTOSYNTHESIS 1 4 N.G. JERLOV MARINE OPTICS 15 G.P. GLASBY MARINE MANGANESE DEPOSITS 16 V.M. KAMENKOVICH FUNDAMENTALS OF OCEAN DYNAMICS 17 R.A. GEYER SUBMERSIBLES AND THEIR USE IN OCEANOGRAPHY AND OCEAN ENGINEERING 18 J.W. CARUTHERS FUNDAMENTALS O F MARINE ACOUSTICS Elsevier Oceanography Series, 19 BOTTOM TURBULENCE PROCEEDINGS OF THE 8th INTERNATIONAL LIEGE COLLOQUIUM ON OCEAN HYDRODYNAMICS Edited by VJAQUES C.J. NIHOUL Rofessor o f Ocean Hydrodynamics, University of Lihge, Likge, Belgium ELSEVIER SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING COMPANY Amsterdam - Oxford - New York 1977 ELSEVIER SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING COMPANY 335 Jan van Galenstraat P.O.Box 211, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Distributors for the United States and Canada: ELSEVIER NORTH-HOLLAND INC. 52, Vanderbilt Avenue New York, N.Y. 10017 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Liege Colloquium on Ocean Hydrodynamics, 8 t h , Bottom t u r b u l e n c e . 1976. ( E l s e v i e r oceanography s e r i e s ; 1 9 ) Bibliography: p. I n c l u d e s index. 1. Turbulence--Cmgresses. 2 . Turbulent boundary layer--Congresses.* 3. Ocean bottom--Congresses. I. Nihoul, Jacques, C. J. 11. T i t l e . GC203.L53 1976 551.4'7 77-3546 ISBN 0-444-41574-2 Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, 1977. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, P.O. Box 330,Amsterdam, The Netherlands 0 Printed in The Netherlands V FOREITORD I'hile the atmospheric boundary layer has been extensively investigated, the marine boundary layer above the sea floor although very similar in character - - was, until recently, much less well k n o w n ; the difficulty of making measurements in the sea, near the bottom, and the cost in equipment and human effort of any single experiment, reflecting on the calibration and the quality of the models. Bottom turbulence is however a determinant factor in such important problems as bottom friction and energy dissipation in marine circulation, sedimentation, bottom erosion, recycling of nutrients, trapping and release of pollutants, etc.. Understanding bottom turbulence is prerequisite for the development of accurate forecasting models of the marine systems which, nowadays, the extensive exploitation of the sea requires. In the recent years, the perfection of advanced techniques and the extension of the research effort have brought n e w interesting results an1 a more comprehensive insight into the characteristics of marine turbulence in the bottom boundary layer. Furthermore, the detection, in the bottom layer of the sea,