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Areal Diffusion and Genetic Inheritance Explorations in Linguistic Typology General Editors Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald and R. M. W. Dixon Research Centre for Linguistic Typology, La Trobe University This series focuses on aspects of language that are of current theoretical interest and for which there has not previously or recently been any full-scale cross-linguistic study. Its books are for typologists, fieldworkers, and theory developers, and designed for use in advanced seminars and courses. Published 1 Adjective Classes edited by R. M. W. Dixon and Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald 2 Serial Verb Constructions edited by Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald and R. M. W. Dixon 3 Complementation edited by R. M. W. Dixon and Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald In preparation 4 Grammars in Contact edited by Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald and R. M. W. Dixon Published in association with the series Areal Diffusion and Genetic Inheritance Problems in Comparative Linguistics edited by Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald and R. M. W. Dixon Areal Diffusion and Genetic Inheritance Problems in Comparative Linguistics edited by A L E X A N D R A Y. A I K H E N V A L D and R. M.W. D I X O N OXPORD UNIVERSITY PRESS OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Great Clarendon Street, Oxford 0x2 6DP Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Singapore Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York 9 Editorial matter and organization: A.Y. Aikhenvald and R. M. W. Dixon 2001 © Individual chapters: their authors 2001 The moral rights of the authors have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2001 First published in paperback 2006 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organizations. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Data applied for Typeset by Cambrian Typesetters, Frimley, Surrey Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by Biddies Ltd., King's Lynn, Norfolk ISBN 0-19-829981-8 978-0-19-829981-3 ISBN 0-19-928308-7 (Pbk.) 978-0-19-928308-8 (Pbk.) 1 3 5 7 9 108 6 4 2 Contents Preface List of contributors List of abbreviations 1 INTRODUCTION Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald and R. M. W. Dixon 1 Types of similarity 2 Family trees 3 Punctuated equilibrium 4 Linguistic areas and areal diffusion 5 Overview of the volume 6 Prospects References 2 ARCHAEOLOGY AND THE HISTORICAL DETERMINANTS OF PUNCTUATION IN LANGUAGE-FAMILY ORIGINS Peter Bellwood 1 Introduction 2 The archaeological record of early agriculture—some key points 3 A biological comment 4 Conclusions References 3 AN INDO-EUROPEAN LINGUISTIC AREA AND ITS CHARACTERISTICS: ANCIENT ANATOLIA. AREAL DIFFUSION AS A CHALLENGE TO THE COMPARATIVE METHOD? Calvert Watkin