Spectrochemical Analysis By Atomic Absorption And Emission, 2nd Edition

Spectrochemical Analysis by Atomic Absorption and Emission 2nd Edition Spectrochemical Analysis by Atomic Absorption and Emission 2nd Edition L. €3. J. Lajunen and P. Peramaki University of Oulu, Finland RSC advancing the chemical sciences ISBN 0-85404-624-0 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library 0 The Royal Society of Chemistry 2004 All rights reserved Apart from fair dealing for the purposes of research for non-commercial purposes or for private study, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 and the Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003, this publication may not be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of The Royal Society of Chemistry, or in the case of reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the appropria te Reproduct ion Rights Organiza t ion outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to The Royal Society of Chemistry at the address printed on this page. Published by The Royal Society of Chemistry, Thomas Graham House, Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 OWF, UK Registered Charity Number 207890 For further information see our web site at www.rsc.org Typeset by the Charlesworth Group, Wakefield, UK Printed by Athenaeum Press Ltd, Gateshead, Tyne and Wear, UK Preface Atomic spectrometric techniques and ICP-MS are frequently used in trace element analysis in many laboratories. Hence the knowledge about these instrumental methods is essential for those who use these techniques as well as for those who utilize the results obtained. The present book describes the basic theory of atomic spectroscopy and deals with the most common techniques (flame AAS, graphite furnace AAS, Plasma AES, AFS and ICP-MS) that are used for trace element analysis in academic institutions, research laboratories, environmental laboratories, etc. Sample introduction is a critical step that affects the sensitivity and possible interference effects encountered in various methods. In principle, similar sample introduction methods can be used with all techniques, and therefore most common sample introduction techniques, as well as instrument components, are reviewed. Most common possible interference effects involved in different analytical techniques are presented. Sample preparation methods are also briefly overviewed in order to underline that sample preparation must be chosen according to the analytical inforrnation needed. In addition, most common hyphenated analytical techniques are also included since speciation analysis with highly selective atomic spectrometric detectors and ICP-MS is becoming more and more important for instance in environmental research. The present book can be used to teach these analytical methods both for undergraduate and graduate students. The book suites also well for those who already use these techniques and want to learn more about these methods and theories. Since the publication of the first edition 44SpectrochemicalAnalysis by Atomic Absorption and Emission” in 1991, various techniques in analytical atomic spectroscopy have undergone some development. The Vi Preface present book is an updated and revised edition of “Spectrochemical Analysis by Atomic Absorption and Emission” by L.H.J. Lajunen. Lauri H.J. Lajunen and Paavo Peramaki Oulu, April 2004 Contents Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Historical 1.2 The Present Status of Atomic Spectrometric Methods 1.3 Terms and Definitions 1.3.1 General Terms 1.3.2 Terms Concerned with the Analytical Technique and Spectral Radiation Chapter 2 Overview of Atomic Spectrometric Techni