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The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology Forensic psychology has developed and extended from an original, narrow focus on presenting evidence to the courts to a wider application across the whole span of civil and criminal justice, which includes dealing with suspects, offenders, victims, witnesses, defendants, litigants and justice professionals. This handbook provides an encyclopedic-style source regarding the major concerns in forensic psychology. It is an invaluable reference text for practitioners within community, special hospital, secure unit, prison, probation and law enforcement forensic settings, as well as being appropriate for trainees and students in these areas. It will also serve as a companion text for lawyers and psychiatric and law enforcement professionals who wish to be apprised of forensic psychology coverage. Each entry provides a succinct outline of the topic, describes current thinking, identifies relevant consensual or contested aspects and alternative positions. Readers are presented with key issues and directed towards specialized sources for further reference. Jennifer M. Brown was Professor of Forensic Psychology and Director of Crime and Justice at the University of Surrey. She is currently an honorary professor at the London School of Economics. She has been involved with the police service for over twenty years, having previously held posts as a research manager for Hampshire Police and a syndicate director on the senior command course at Bramshill. Elizabeth A. Campbell is Senior Lecturer in Clinical Psychology in the Section of Psychological Medicine at the University of Glasgow. She is also Honorary Consultant Clinical Psychologist with NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde and a past President of the British Psychological Society. She acts as a consultant to the Metropolitan Police and the Serious Organised Crime Agency. The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology Edited by Jennifer M. Brown and Elizabeth A. Campbell cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521701815 © Cambridge University Press 2010 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2010 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data The Cambridge handbook of forensic psychology / edited by Jennifer M. Brown and Elizabeth A. Campbell. p. cm. – (Cambridge handbooks in psychology) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-0-521-87809-8 – ISBN 978-0-521-70181-5 (pbk.) 1. Forensic psychology. I. Brown, Jennifer, 1948– II. Campbell, Elizabeth A. III. Title. IV. Series. RA1148.C36 2010 6140 .15–dc22 2010008742 ISBN 978-0521-87809-8 Hardback ISBN 978-0521-70181-5 Paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. To Patrick Contents List of figures List of tables Contributors Acknowledgements page xvi xviii xix xxiv Forensic psychology: a case of multiple identities Jennifer M. Brown and Elizabeth A. Campbell Part I Psychological underpinnings 1.1 Action system applied to forensic top