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Functional Group Chemistry presents the chemistry of functional groups with an emphasis on patterns of reactivity, the consequences of the relative electronegativity of the atoms that constitute functional groups, the role of lone pairs and the stereochemistry of reactions at a particular group. The material is presented in four chapters. The first chapter describes some of the general principles that affect the reactivity of functional groups. The second chapter examines the chemistry of functional groups involving σ- C-X bonds as in alkyl halides, alcohols, ethers, amines and organometallic reagents. The third chapter covers the chemistry of both symmetrical and unsymmetrical π-bonded functional groups, typified by alkenes and carbonyl groups. The final chapter concentrates on aromatic compounds. It is concerned with the interactions between an aromatic ring and functional groups that are attached to it, such as their effect on the orientation of aromatic substitution. Each chapter concludes with a series of problems. The chemistry of the functional groups is considered here with a mechanistic rationale. Students are encouraged to consider the reactivity of functional groups in terms of their regions of electron deficiency and excess, and hence to identify the sites at which nucleophiles and electrophiles might react. Additional material is available on the website at www.rsc.org/tct Ideal for the needs of undergraduate chemistry students, Tutorial Chemistry Texts is a major series consisting of short, single topic or modular texts concentrating on the fundamental areas of chemistry taught in undergraduate science courses. Each book provides a concise account of the basic principles underlying a given subject, embodying an independent-learning philosophy and including worked examples.
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Cover images 0Murray Robertson/visual elements 1998-99, taken from the 109 Visual Elements Periodic Table, available at www.chemsoc.org/viselements ISBN 0-85404-627-5 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library 0 The Royal Society of Chemistry 2001 All rights reserved Apart from any fair dealingfor the purposes of research orprivate study, or criticism or review as permitted under the terms of the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, tlzispuhlication may not be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of The Royal Society of Chemistry, OY in the case of reprographic reproduction only in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the appropriate Reproduction Rights Organization outside the UK Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to The Royal Society of Chemistry at the address printed on this page. Published by The Royal Society of Chemistry, Thomas Graham House, Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 OWF, U K Registered Charity No. 207890 For further information see our web site at www.rsc.org Typeset in Great Britain by Wyvern 21, Bristol Printed and bound by Polestar Wheatons Ltd, Exeter Preface The aim of this book is to provide an introduction to the characteristic properties of functional groups. It is written for first-year undergraduates. The book is in four chapters. The first is devoted to a general consideration of the bonding in functional groups, the classes of reagent and the types of reaction. Functional groups may be divided into several broad classes. The first of these are those functional groups in which the reactions, mainly substitution and elimination, are those of the o-bond. The chemistry of these functional groups forms the second chapter. A second class of functional groups is those in which a x-bond