SUPPORTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF R&D AND THE INNOVATION POTENTIAL OF POST-SOCIALIST COUNTRIES NATO Science Series A series presenting the results of scientific meetings supported under the NATO Science Programme. The series is published by IOS Press and Kluwer Academic Publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division. Sub-Series I. II. III. IV. V. Life and Behavioural Sciences Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry Computer and Systems Sciences Earth and Environmental Sciences Science and Technology Policy IOS Press Kluwer Academic Publishers IOS Press Kluwer Academic Publishers IOS Press The NATO Science Series continues the series of books published formerly as the NATO ASI Series. The NATO Science Programme offers support for collaboration in civil science between scientists of countries of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council. The types of scientific meeting generally supported are "Advanced Study Institutes" and "Advanced Research Workshops", although other types of meeting are supported from time to time. The NATO Science Series collects together the results of these meetings. The meetings are co-organized by scientists from NATO countries and scientists from NATO's Partner countries - countries of the CIS and Central and Eastern Europe. Advanced Study Institutes are high-level tutorial courses offering in-depth study of latest advances in a field. Advanced Research Workshops are expert meetings aimed at critical assessment of a field, and identification of directions for future action. As a consequence of the restructuring of the NATO Science Programme in 1999, the NATO Science Series has been re-organized and there are currently five sub-series as noted above. Please consult the following web sites for information on previous volumes published in the series, as well as details of earlier sub-series: http://www.nato.int/science http://www.wkap.nl http://www.iospress.nl http://www.wtv-books.de/nato_pco.htm Series V: Science and Technology Policy - Vol. 42 ISSN 1387-6708 Supporting the Development of R&D and the Innovation Potential of Post-Socialist Countries Edited by Walter Leal Filho TuTech, Hamburg, Germany /OS Press Amsterdam • Berlin • Oxford • Tokyo • Washington, DC Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Training Course on Supporting the Development of R&D and the Innovation Potential of Post-Socialist Countries 3-5 April 2003 Yerevan, Armenia © 2004, IOS Press All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without prior written permission from the publisher. ISBN 1 58603 399 9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2003115065 Publisher IOS Press Nieuwe Hemweg 6B 1013 BG Amsterdam Netherlands fax:+31 206203419 e-mail:
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[email protected] LEGAL NOTICE The publisher is not responsible for the use which might be made of the following information. PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS V Introduction This book is one of the outcomes of the NATO Advanced Training Course (ATC) "Supporting the Development of R&D and the Innovation Potential of Post-Socialist Countries", held in Yerevan, Armenia on 2-5 April 2003. The event follows on