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This book presents the latest scientific developments in the field of positron emission tomography (PET) dealing with data acquisition, image processing, applications, statistical analysis, tracer development, parameter estimation, and kinetic modeling. It covers improved methodology and the application of existing techniques to new areas. The text also describes new approaches in scanner design and image processing, and the latest techniques for modeling and statistical analyses. This volume will be a useful reference for the active brain PET scientist, as well as a valuable introduction for students and researchers who wish to take advantage of the capabilities of PET to study the normal and diseased brain. Key Features* Authored by international authorities in PET* Provides the latest up-to-date techniques and applications* Covers all fundamental disciplines of PET in one volume* A comprehensive resource for students, clinicians, and new PET researchers
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Quantitative Functional Brain Imaging witii Positron Emission Tomography This Page Intentionally Left Blank Quantitative Functional Brain Imaging with Positron Emission gra Edited by Richard E. Carson Margaret E. Daube-Witherspoon Peter Herscovitch PET Department National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland Academic Press San Diego London Boston New York Sydney Tokyo Toronto Front cover photograph: Midsaggital slice of the brain radioactivity distribution of the opiate antagonist ['^-FJcyclofoxy. The original transaxial images were produced by 3D reconstruction of data acquired 4 0 - 6 0 min postinjection. From Neurolmage, Vol. 5(4)(1997). This book is printed on acid-free paper. ( ^ Copyright © 1998 by ACADEMIC PRESS All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Academic Press a division ofHarcourt Brace & Company 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA http://www.apnet.com Academic Press Limited 24-28 Oval Road, London NWl 7DX, UK http://www.hbuk.co.uk/ap/ Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 98-85439 International Standard Book Number: 0-12-161340-2 PRINTED IN THE UNTIED STATES OF AMERICA 98 99 00 01 02 03 QW 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents . Emission-Transmission Realignment Using a Simultaneous Emission-Transmission Postinjection Scan 33 Contributors xi Preface xix Acl 45:1). L INTRODUCTION Patient motion during a scanning sequence is known to introduce image blurring and degradation of quantiQuantitative Functional Brain Imaging with Positron Emission Tomography 33 Copyright © 1998 by Academic Press All rights of reproduction in any form reserved. 34 I. Data Acquisition and Quantification radiotracer. The reliability of the PITsim E part as a reference image has been tested with phantom studies, human [^^F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) scans, and human and monkey neuroligand studies. FDG studies are typically characterized by a relatively short scanning time, so that the decay of the injected radiotracer is not an issue, and by a static tracer distribution, so that the registration of the emission study to the E scan is expected to be fairly reliable. The more serious challenge offered by the neuroligand studies was addressed using [^^F]fluoro-L-dopa (FDOPA) and [^^C]raclopride (RAC) monkey studies and a RAC human study. The monkey studies were selected to provide a baseline test, as no movement occurred during the course of the studies because the animals were anesthetized. By choosing two different tracers with different half-lives, a wide range of