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The tribology of miniature systems is quite different from the tribology of large machinery. This is the first publication to cover on an academic level both the basic concepts of the tribology of miniature systems and some areas of its practical application. A comprehensive survey is given on the specific problems encountered in this field, providing a volume that will be useful in solving professional engineering problems in the fast growing field of precision engineering and microtechnology. The suitability of various materials and lubricants for the tribological systems in miniature mechanisms is discussed. The tribological properties and the friction and wear properties which occur in such systems are analysed. Specific lubrication problems are examined in detail; in particular, the use of special tribological coatings to solve many difficult lubrication problems and to obtain high wear resistance of the rubbing elements is considered. The special investigation techniques used to characterize miniature tribological systems and their elements (e.g. lubricants) are reviewed.
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TRIBOLOGY OF MINIATURE SYSTEMS TRIBOLOGY SERIES Advisory Board W.J. Bartz (Germany, F.R.G.) R. Bassani (Italy) B. Briscoe (Gt. Britain) H. Czichos (Germany, F.R.G.) D. Dowson (Gt. Britain) K. Friedrich(Germany, F.R.G.) N. Gane (Australia) VOl. 1 Vol. VOl. VOl. VOl. Vol. Vol. VOI. 2 3 4 5 6 7 a Vot. 9 Vol. 10 VOl. 11 Vol. 12 Vol. 13 W.A. Glaeser (U.S.A.) M. Godet (France) H.E. Hintermann(Switzerland) K.C. Ludema (U.S.A.) G.W. Rowe (Gt. Britain) T. Sakurai (Japan) W.O. Winer (U.S.A.) Tribology -A Systems Approach to the Science and Technology of Friction, Lubricationand Wear (Czichos) ImpactWear of Materials (Engel) Tribology of Naturaland ArtificialJoints (Dumbleton) Tribology of Thin Layers (Iliuc) Surface Effectsin Adhesion, Friction,Wear, and Lubrication(Buckley) Frictionand Wear of Polymers (Bartenevand Lavrentev) MicroscopicAspects of Adhesion and Lubrication(Georges, Editor) IndustrialTribology -The PracticalAspects of Friction, Lubrication and Wear (Jones and Scott, Editors) Mechanicsand Chemistry in Lubrication (Dorinsonand Ludema) Microstructureand Wear of Materials (Zum Gahr) Fluid Film Lubrication- Osborne Reynolds Centenary (Dowson et al., Editors) InterfaceDynamics(Dowson et al., Editors) Tribology of Miniature Systems (Rymuza) TRIBOLOGY SERIES, 13 TRIBOLOGY OF MINIATURE SYSTEMS Zyg munt Rymuza Institute of Design of Precise and Optical Instruments, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw,Poland ELSEVIER Amsterdam- Oxford- New York -Tokyo 1989 ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHERS B.V. Sara Burgerhartstraat25 P.O. Box 211,lOOOAE Amsterdam, The Netherlands Distributors for the United States and Canada: ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHING COMPANY INC. 655 Avenue of the Americas New York, NY 10010 ISBN 0-444-87401-7 WOI. 13) ISBN 0-444-41677-3 (Series) Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., 1989 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V./Physical Sciences & Engineering Division, P.O. Box 1991, 1000 BZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Special regulations for readers in the USA - This publication has been registered with the Copyright Clearance Center Inc. (CCC), Salem, Massachusetts. Information can be obtained from the CCC about conditions under which photocopies of parts of this publication may be made in the USA. All other copyright questions, including photocopying outside of the USA, should be referred to the copyright owner, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., unless otherw