ADVANCES IN Applied Micro biology VOLUME 14 CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS VOLUME Bernard J. Abbott Nancy N. Gerber William E. Gledhill John J . H. Hastings V. W. Jamison H. A. Lechevalier Mary P. Lechevalier Barney J. Magerlein A. Kathrine Miller D. Perlman John N. Porter R. L. Raymond Oldrich K. Sebek G. L. Solomons ADVANCES I N Applied Micro biology Edited by D. PERLMAN School of Pharmacy The University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin VOLUME 14 @ 1971 ACADEMIC PRESS, New York a n d London COPYRIGHT 0 1971, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED NO PART OF THIS BOOK MAY BE REPRODUCED IN ANY FORM, BY PHOTOSTAT, MICROFILM, RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, OR A N Y OTHER MEANS, WITHOUT WRI'ITEN PERMISSION FROM THE PUBLISHERS. ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. 111 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003 United Kingdom Edition published b y ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD. 24/28 Oval Road, London NWl7DD LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER:59-13823 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CONTENTS LIST OF CONTR~BUTORS .............................................................................. PREFACE................................................................................................... ix xi Development of the Fermentation Industries in Great Britain I. 11. 111. IV. V. VI . VII. VIII. IX. JOHN J . H. HASTINGS Prelude to Industrialization .............................. ................ The Vintage Years of Industrial Alcohol ....................................... The First Closed Deep Fermentation ................ Production of Vitamins .............................................. ........................ Citric Acid and Surface Culture The Entry of Antibiotics .................................................................... ......................................................................... Gaps in the Program ....... ....................... The Influence of Continuous Fermentation.. ...... ..................... ............ .................... ....... ................ 1 8 12 19 23 25 38 41 42 45 Chemical Composition as a Criterion in the Classification of Actinomycetes H. A. LECHEVALIER, MARYP. LECHEVALIER, AND NANCYN. GERBER Introduction Pigments in Antibiotics in the Deoxyribonucleic Acid Base Composition in the Classification of Actinomycetes .._._ ...._. ................._. ................_........... V. Cell Wall and Whole-Cell Sugar Composition in the Classification of Actinomycetes ....... VI. Lipid Composition in the Classificati VII. Conclusion: A Tentative System of References .................... .......................................................... I. 11. 111. IV. ..........I..... 47 50 54 55 57 60 62 69 Prevalence and Distribution of Antibiotic-Producing Actinomycetes JOHN N. PORTER Introduction .................................................................................... Isolation and Enumeration of Actinomycetes ... Classification of Actinomycetes Isolated from Soils .........................__... Antibiotic-Producing Actinomycetes .....................................__. ........... Identification and Classification of Antibiotics Produced by Actinomycetes ... VI. In Retrospect ................................................................................... References ....................................................................................... I. 11. 111. IV. V. V 73 74 81 83 86 89 90 vi CONTENTS Biochemical Activities of N o c a r d i a I. IS. 111. IV. V. R. L. RAYMOND AND V. Introduction..